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O parto cesáreo é apontado como fator de risco para diversas doenças crônicas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se averiguar a associação entre parto cesáreo e pressão arterial (PA) de crianças de 6 anos. Trata-se de estudo transversal conduzido em Feira de Santana (BA), com 635 pares de mãe e filho. O tipo de parto foi categorizado em cesárea e vaginal. A PA foi aferida por meio de esfigmomanometria e considerada elevada quando atingiu níveis iguais ou maiores ao percentil 90 para idade, sexo e altura. Razões de prevalência brutas (RPbruta) e ajustadas (RPajustada) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram estimados via regressão logística múltipla. A cesariana ocorreu em 46,5% dos casos, as prevalências de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) elevadas foram de 17,2% e 5,6%, respectivamente. O excesso de peso foi verificado em 28,6% das crianças. A maior prevalência de PAS elevada foi observada entre as crianças que nasceram por cesariana (61%) em relação às que nasceram por parto vaginal (RPbruta: 1,51; IC95%: 1,07-2,14; RPajustada: 1,61; IC95%: 1,05-2,46). A idade materna ao nascimento da criança foi fator de interação na associação principal, assim, as crianças nascidas via parto vaginal exibiram maior prevalência de PAS elevada, comparadas às nascidas via cesárea. O parto cesáreo se associou à PAS elevada aos 6 anos de idade.

Cesarean delivery is considered a risk factor for several chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between cesarean section and blood pressure (BP) in 6-year-old children. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in Feira de Santana, (BA) with 635 mother-child pairs. The type of birth was categorized into cesarean and vaginal. The BP was measured by using sphygmomanometry and considered high when it reached levels equal or higher than the 90th percentile for age, gender, and height. Crude (PRcrude) and adjusted (PRadjusted) prevalence rate and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated by multiple logistic regression. Cesarean section occurred in 46.5% of the cases, the prevalence of high systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were 17.2% and 5.6%, respectively. Excess weight was verified in 28.6% of the children. The highest prevalence of high SBP was among children who were born by cesarean section (61%) compared with those who were born vaginally (PRcrude: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.07-2.14; PRadjusted: 1.61; 95%CI %: 1.05-2.46). Maternal age at the birth of the child was an interaction factor in the main association, thus, children born vaginally had a higher prevalence of elevated SBP, compared with those born via cesarean section. Cesarean section was associated with increased SBP at six years of age.

El parto por cesárea presenta un factor de riesgo para varias enfermedades crónicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el parto por cesárea y la presión arterial (PA) en niños de 6 años de edad. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado en Feira de Santana, en Bahía (Brasil), con 635 pares de madre e hijo. El tipo de parto se clasificó en cesárea y vaginal. La PA se midió mediante esfigmomanometría y se consideró alta cuando alcanzó niveles más altos o iguales al percentil 90 para edad, sexo y talla. Las razones de prevalencia crudas (RPcrudas) y ajustadas (RPajustadas) y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%) se estimaron mediante regresión logística múltiple. La cesárea ocurrió en el 46,5%, las prevalencias de presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) altas fueron el 17,2% y el 5,6%, respectivamente. El exceso de peso se presentó en el 28,6% de los niños. La mayor prevalencia de PAS alta se observó entre los niños nacidos por cesárea (61%) en comparación con los nacidos por vía vaginal (RPcruda: 1,51; IC95%: 1,07-2,14; RPajustada: 1,61; IC95%: 1,05-2,46). La edad materna al nacimiento del niño fue un factor de interacción en la principal asociación, así, los niños nacidos por vía vaginal tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de PAS elevada en comparación con los nacidos por cesárea. El parto por cesárea se asoció con un aumento de la PAS a los 6 años de edad.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the functionalities of the neural pathways through the auditory evoked potentials of the brainstem and the contralateral stapedial acoustic reflexes in normal-hearing individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, in order to detect possible alterations in the central auditory pathways. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a comparison group and a convenience sample, consisting of 32 individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 20 controls without the disease. All subjects had hearing thresholds within normal limits and type A tympanometric curves. The acoustic reflex arc and brainstem auditory potentials were investigated. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0. The Chi-square test, Student´s t-test, and Multiple linear regression were used. RESULTS: The auditory thresholds of the acoustic reflex were statistically lower in the group with the disease at frequencies of 0.5 kHz and 1.0 kHz in the left ear (p=0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). The absolute latencies III and V of the auditory potentials of the brainstem in the right ear and V in the left ear were increased in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (p=0.03, p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus are more likely to present alterations in the central auditory pathways, even with auditory thresholds within normal limits.

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ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the functionalities of the neural pathways through the auditory evoked potentials of the brainstem and the contralateral stapedial acoustic reflexes in normal-hearing individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, in order to detect possible alterations in the central auditory pathways. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a comparison group and a convenience sample, consisting of 32 individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 20 controls without the disease. All subjects had hearing thresholds within normal limits and type A tympanometric curves. The acoustic reflex arc and brainstem auditory potentials were investigated. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0. The Chi-square test, Student´s t-test, and Multiple linear regression were used. Results The auditory thresholds of the acoustic reflex were statistically lower in the group with the disease at frequencies of 0.5 kHz and 1.0 kHz in the left ear (p=0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). The absolute latencies III and V of the auditory potentials of the brainstem in the right ear and V in the left ear were increased in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (p=0.03, p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). Conclusion The findings suggest that subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus are more likely to present alterations in the central auditory pathways, even with auditory thresholds within normal limits.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a funcionalidade das vias neurais por meio dos potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico e os reflexos acústicos estapedianos contralaterais em sujeitos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 normo-ouvintes, a fim de detectar possíveis alterações nas vias auditivas centrais. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal com grupo de comparação, e amostra de conveniência, composta por 32 sujeitos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e 20 controles sem a doença. Todos os sujeitos apresentavam limiares auditivos dentro dos padrões de normalidade e curva timpanométrica tipo A. Foram investigados o arco-reflexo acústico e os potenciais auditivos de tronco encefálico. As análises dos resultados foram realizadas no SPSS 17.0. Utilizou-se o Teste Qui Quadrado, Teste T de Studant e Regressão linear múltipla. Resultados Os limiares auditivos do reflexo acústico foram estatisticamente menores no grupo com a doença nas frequências de 0,5 kHz e 1,0 kHz na orelha esquerda (p=0,01 e p=0,01, respectivamente). As latências absolutas III e V dos potenciais auditivos de tronco encefálico da orelha direita e V da orelha esquerda estavam aumentadas em sujeitos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (p=0,03, p=0.02 e p=0,03, respectivamente). Conclusão Os achados sugerem que sujeitos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 estão mais propensos a apresentar alterações nas vias auditivas centrais, mesmo com limiares auditivos dentro dos padrões de normalidade.

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Manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) have been associated with the deregulation of the neuroendocrine system, which could potentially favor the appearance of precocious puberty (PP) in environmentally exposed children. This study aims to evaluate the exposure to Mn and Pb and their potential effects in anticipating puberty in school-aged children living near a ferromanganese alloy plant in Bahia, Brazil. Toenail, occipital hair and blood samples were collected from 225 school-aged children. Tanner's scale was used for pubertal staging. Mn in blood (MnB), toenail (MnTn) and hair (MnH) and blood lead (PbB) levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Puberty-related hormone concentrations were determined by chemiluminescence. The age at which girls' breasts began to develop was inversely correlated with weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores (p < 0.05); pubarche also had similar results. Mn biomarker levels did not present differences among pubertal classification nor among children with potential PP or not. Furthermore, Mn exposure was not associated with the age of onset of sexual characteristics for either girls or boys. However, PbB levels were positively correlated with boys' pubic hair stages (rho = 0.258; p = 0.009) and associated with the age of onset of girls' pubarche (ß = 0.299, 95%CI = 0.055−0.542; p = 0.017). Testosterone and LH concentrations were statistically higher in boys with an increased PbB (p = 0.09 and p = 0.02, respectively). Prospective studies are needed to better assess the association between exposure to Mn and Pb and the early onset of puberty.

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BACKGROUND: Maternal hyperglycemia, periodontitis, and adverse gestational outcomes are important health problems. The present study investigated the hypothesis that periodontitis and the glycemic level of mothers may have opposing influences on birth weight (BW). This study evaluated the effect of high glycemic levels, albeit within the normal range, on the association between periodontitis and low birth weight (LBW). METHODS: A total of 732 women took part in this case-control study; 172 were mothers of children with LBW <2,500 g, and 560 were mothers of children with BW ≥2,500 g. The BW of newborns was obtained from medical records, and information on socioeconomic-demographic, lifestyle behavior were obtained through interviews. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated, and full-mouth periodontal examination was carried out within 7 days postpartum. Hierarchical and logistic regression analysis evaluated the effect of glycemic levels on the association between periodontitis and LBW by subgroups, estimating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: In the group with HbA1c levels <5.6%, a statistically significant relationship existed between periodontitis and LBW. Using the Centre for Disease Control/American Academy of Periodontics criteria, the ORadjusted was 1.55; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.31; using the Gomes-Filho et al. criteria the ORadjusted was 1.91; 95% CI, 1.06 to 3.45. In the group with higher HbA1c levels but still within the normal range (≥5.6% and <6.5%), the findings showed no association between periodontitis and LBW. CONCLUSION: Higher maternal glycemic levels within the normal range, inferior to those indicative of gestational diabetes, diabetes mellitus, or hyperglycemia, and periodontitis have opposing effects on BW, altering the association magnitude.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the severity of periodontitis (exposure) and dyslipidemia (outcome). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of users of public health services. Periodontitis was defined using the Center for Disease Prevention and Control and the American Academy of Periodontology criteria. Lipid evaluation used data on systemic biomarkers. Dyslipidemia diagnosis was based on the Guidelines of total cardiovascular risk of the World Health Organization. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured, and socioeconomic-demographic, lifestyle behavior factors, general and oral health conditions of the participants were collected. Hierarchical and logistic regression analyzes were used to determine the association between the exposures and the outcome. Odds Ratios, unadjusted and adjusted, and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Of 1,011 individuals examined, 75.17% had dyslipidemia, and 84.17% had periodontitis, 0.2% with mild, 48.56% moderate, and 35.41% severe disease. The association between periodontitis and dyslipidemia was maintained through hierarchical analysis and in the multiple regression modeling, showing that the occurrences of dyslipidemia in the group with periodontitis, and its moderate and severe levels, were, respectively, 14%, 30%, and 16% higher compared with those without periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a positive association between moderate and severe periodontitis and dyslipidemia.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of thyroid nodules (TNs). However, size reductions of treated (TTNs) and untreated TN (UTNs) have not been compared. Volumetric reductions in TTNs with PEI were evaluated by comparing TTNs and UTNs in the same patient, and independent variables predicting good post-PEI outcomes were analyzed. Materials and methods: Overall, 282 patients with multinodular goiters were selected. Two nodules located in different lobes were compared for common disease behaviors. Overall, 150 nodules were selected from 75 patients (6 M: 69 F) with a mean age of 50.1 ± 17.4 years. This prospective nonrandomized intervention study prioritized treating TNs of greater volume or single hyperfunctioning TNs. A single observer experienced in PEI and an ultrasound specialist performed the interventions. Results and discussion: TTNs (mean volume: 14.8 ± 16.2 mL) were reduced by 72.6 ± 27.3% of their initial volume, while UTNs increased by a mean of 365.7 ± 1.403.8% (p < 0.00001). The patients underwent a mean of 4.0 ± 3.1 outpatient PEI sessions without relevant complications. Logistic regression analysis showed that the magnitude of the PEI induced reduction was associated with the number of treatment sessions (p = 0.03, CI [1.1-38.2]) and not with ultrasonographic characteristics of the nodules. Each PEI session increased the rate of TN reduction by a factor of 6.7. Conclusions: PEI is a well-tolerated outpatient procedure that effectively reduces the volume of TNs and is noticeably superior to conservative treatment for all ultrasonographic classifications.

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OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of thyroid nodules (TNs). However, size reductions of treated (TTNs) and untreated TN (UTNs) have not been compared. Volumetric reductions in TTNs with PEI were evaluated by comparing TTNs and UTNs in the same patient, and independent variables predicting good post-PEI outcomes were analyzed. METHODS: Overall, 282 patients with multinodular goiters were selected. Two nodules located in different lobes were compared for common disease behaviors. Overall, 150 nodules were selected from 75 patients (6 M: 69 F) with a mean age of 50.1 ± 17.4 years. This prospective nonrandomized intervention study prioritized treating TNs of greater volume or single hyperfunctioning TNs. A single observer experienced in PEI and an ultrasound specialist performed the interventions. RESULTS: TTNs (mean volume: 14.8 ± 16.2 mL) were reduced by 72.6 ± 27.3% of their initial volume, while UTNs increased by a mean of 365.7 ± 1.403.8% (p < 0.00001). The patients underwent a mean of 4.0 ± 3.1 outpatient PEI sessions without relevant complications. Logistic regression analysis showed that the magnitude of the PEI induced reduction was associated with the number of treatment sessions (p = 0.03, CI [1.1-38.2]) and not with ultrasonographic characteristics of the nodules. Each PEI session increased the rate of TN reduction by a factor of 6.7. CONCLUSION: PEI is a well-tolerated outpatient procedure that effectively reduces the volume of TNs and is noticeably superior to conservative treatment for all ultrasonographic classifications.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate an association between obesity (exposure) and periodontitis (outcome) in pregnant women. BACKGROUND: This association was investigated and only five studies were identified as showing a positive association. However, some of these studies had limitations such as reduced sample sizes, inadequate exposure criteria and outcome measures, which question the internal validity of these investigations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 644 pregnant women of the public health service of the municipality of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. Data were obtained by collecting of socioeconomic-demographic information, health behavior, health conditions, and reproductive history through an interview. Obesity was evaluated using body mass index adjusted for gestational age and expected weight gain. The diagnosis of periodontitis followed two criteria: (a) Center for Disease Prevention and Control and American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP); (b) Gomes-Filho et al (2018) using criterion that also evaluated bleeding upon probing; Prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: In accordance with the outcome diagnostic criterion, the frequency of periodontitis was 17.24% (Gomes-Filho et al) and 66.92% (CDC/AAP). The participants were classified as low weight (19.72%), adequate weight (42.39%), overweight (24.84%), and obesity (13.04%), based on the exposure diagnostic criterion. The low weight and overweight groups were excluded from the data analysis, giving a final sample of 357 pregnant women. The association between obesity in pregnant women and periodontitis was not statistically significant, after adjusting for confounders such as age, schooling level, alcoholic beverage consumption, alimentary and nutritional orientation, urinary infection, and dental flossing. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed a high frequency of periodontitis, obesity, and overweight in the studied population but no association between obesity and periodontitis in pregnant women was found.

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Thyroid function abnormalities and thyroid autoantibodies have been frequently described in patients with rheumatologic autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. Limited data are available regarding the prevalence and clinical characteristics of autoimmune thyroiditis in other rheumatologic disorders, such as rheumatic fever and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. The authors review the association of endocrine autoimmune and rheumatic autoimmune diseases, assessing various age groups and clinical conditions. The bibliographic survey was conducted through the search for scientific articles indexed in the general health sciences databases, such as Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Medline/PubMed, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The following descriptors were used: "rheumatic autoimmune diseases and autoimmune thyroid diseases"; "thyroid disorders and rheumatic diseases"; "thyroiditis and rheumatic diseases"; "autoimmune diseases and thyroid"; and "pediatric rheumatic diseases and autoimmune thyroid diseases". This study showed that, despite contradictory results in the literature, there is a greater prevalence of the association between autoimmune thyroid diseases and rheumatic diseases, highlighting the possibility of common pathogenic mechanisms among them.

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Several experiments have been carried out in order to find molecular markers that increase the diagnose accuracy of the Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA), especially for thyroid lesions of undetermined significance. The growing number of published experiments on one or more of the different types of markers has started to justify the need to gather the pieces of information as a way to add evidence and guide the development of future research in the area. From the search arguments and criteria previously defined, 95 articles were selected from the electronic databases PUBMED, MEDLINE, SCOPUS and LILACS. From the 36 markers submitted to analysis and identified in preoperative FNA thyroid samples, only 10 (GAL3, CK-19, HBME-1, TPO, CD44, Telomerase, DAP IV, RAS, RET and BRAF) were assessed in more than two investigations, be it either in panel or individually. The minimum, medium and maximum values of sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnose accuracy were obtained from the group of investigation, as well as the limitations and advantages of the use of each marker were identified. The BRAF mutation, for its unquestionable specificity, and the GAL3, for its regularity of average results obtained here, found in several locations in the cell as well as out of the cell, suggesting multiple functions of this molecule, were observed as holders of more expressive evidence in the effort of reducing the uncertainty of the diagnose in preoperative FNA of thyroid.

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A nova visão sobre o processo de adoecimento do ser humano implica na necessidade de o profissional de saúde ampliar o conhecimento em metodologia científica. O presente artigo aborda uma breve revisão sobre o método de pesquisa qualitativa em saúde, apresentando ao leitor aspectos relacionados à questão de pesquisa, amostragem, coleta e análise de dados, validação dos resultados. O entendimento do método é pré-requisito essencial para a sua valorização, assegurando-lhe credibilidade e importância na gênese do conhecimento científico na área da saúde

The new insight into the disease process requires the health care professionals to increase their knowledge in scientific methodology. This article gives a brief review of the method of qualitative research in health, presenting to the reader aspects related to investigation, sampling, data collection and its analysis as well as validation of results. The understanding of the method is an essential prerequisite for its worthiness assuring credibility and importance in the genesis of the scientific knowledge in health

La nueva visión sobre del proceso de la enfermedad del ser humano implica en la necesidad del profesional de salud en ampliar el conocimiento en metodología científica. El presente artículo aborda una breve revisión sobre el método de investigación cualitativa en salud, presentando al lector los aspectos relacionados con la pregunta de la investigación, del muestreo, la recolección, el análisis de datos y la validación de los resultados. La comprensión del método es prerrequisito esencial para su valorización, asegurándole credibilidad e importancia en la génesis del conocimiento científico en salud

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Objetivos: Analisar os vários aspectos e fatores de regulação da biossíntese hormonal tireóidea, no município de Cabaceiras, onde a prevalência de doenças tireoideanas é elevada e vários fatores podem interferir, até os próprios alimentos ingeridos. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados 180 escolares com idade entre 9 e 14 anos, na Cidade de Cabaceiras-PB, através de questionário, onde foram interrogados sobre procedência, sexo, uso de mandioca (freqüência) e avaliação da iodúria. Foi utilizado o SPSS 10.0 para análise estatística. Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino; a média de idade foi 11,34±1,6 anos; 54,4 por cento (98/180) eram de raça branca, 57,2 por cento (103/180) eram da área urbana, 31,6 por cento (57/180) consomem mandioca com freqüência (>03 vezes na semana) e 33,3 por cento (60/180) apresentam iodúria <100ig/l. Conclusão: Houve uma quantidade importante de escolares com iodúria <100, o que pelos critérios da OMS dá indícios de insuficiência de iodo.

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Objetivos: Pesquisar os tipos de sal de cozinha usados na alimentação humana e o local de conservação do mesmo no domicílio, de famílias das áreas urbana e rural do município de Cabaceiras - Paraíba - Brasil. Material e Métodos: Foram incluídos 210 moradores, avaliados através de questionário-padrão, em visitas domiciliares. Resultados: O consumo de sal de cozinha de marca sem registro de iodação ou "sal grosso" (para uso veterinário) foi de 9,1 por cento (19/210), sendo, respectivamente, de 13,1 por cento (16/122) e 3,4 por cento (3/88) nas áreas rural e urbana (X²=5,85; p<0,02). Em 48,8 por cento (92/210) das famílias, o sal de consumo humano era conservado de forma inadequada, a menos de 150cm de fonte de calor (fogão), sendo este hábito significativamente mais freqüente (X²=7,09; p<0,008) nos domicílios da área urbana (54,5 por cento, n=48) do que nos da área rural (36,1 por cento; n=44). Conclusão: O uso de sal de marca não-registrada ou imprópria ao consumo humano, além das repercussões negativas para a saúde, também evidencia as precárias condições de vida de muitos brasileiros. Até pela falta de programas ou ações promotoras de saúde e educação, a população estudada desconhece a redução da taxa de iodação do sal com a proximidade de fontes de calor. Esses achados preliminares podem justificar, em parte, as elevadas taxas de tireopatias observadas na população estudada do município de Cabaceiras - Paraíba - Brasil

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