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INTRODUCCION La artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR), que ha tenido un aumento importante en la población en las últimas décadas, presenta una gran variación en su estudio y técnica entre los distintos países. En la actualidad no hay datos nacionales registrados que evalúen la forma de su implementación. Objetivo Registrar las tendencias respecto de la ATR en distintos aspectos en Chile y compararlas con los registros de otros países. MATERIALES y METODOS Se realizó una encuesta vía email a cirujanos de rodilla en Chile considerando cuatro aspectos: generalidades, estudio preoperatorio, técnica quirúrgica y técnica de cementación. Se excluyeron las encuestas que no rellenadas por completo. Se analizaron los datos generales y separados según años de experiencia (ADE). Se compararon los datos con los obtenidos en estudios internacionales. RESULTADOS Se obtuvieron 87 encuestas completas. La mayoría de los encuestados realizaba entre 25 y 50 ATR en 1 año (44%), y el 16%, más de 75. Sólo un 20% utilizaba la modalidad ambulatoria, y un 43% creía que siempre deben ser hospitalizadas (mayor frecuencia en los cirujanos con más de 10 ADE). Un 18% utilizaba algún sistema robótico, con mayor frecuencia en cirujanos con más de 10 ADE; los sistemas más usados fueron ROSA y CORI. El 90% creía que la ATR debería ser parte del programa de Garantías Explícitas de Salud (GES), sin diferencias según ADE. El 81% usaba sistema estabilizado posterior (posterior-estabilized, PS, en inglés), 96% realizaba un abordaje parapatelar medial, 82% usaba guía extramedular tibial, 41% tendía a recambiar la patela, y un 35% no usaba torniquete (ninguna de las variables mostró diferencias según ADE). Sólo un 31% utilizaba cementación al vacío (mayor frecuencia en el grupo con menos de 10 ADE), 95% colocaba el cemento en componentes y en hueso, 75% colocaba en la quilla, y 56% utilizaba el dedo para colocarlo (sólo 22% con pistola). La secuencia más frecuente de cementación fue tibia-fémur-patela. En la mayoría de los aspectos evaluados, se observaron diferencias importantes con estudios de otros países. CONCLUSION Existe una gran variabilidad en la realización de ATR en Chile, con tendencias distintas a las de otros países. En general, en relación con los distintos ADE, no hay grandes diferencias en la técnica quirúrgica, sí habiendo diferencias en la técnica de cementación y en el uso de sistemas robóticos

INTRODUCTION Total knee replacement (TKR) significantly increased among the population in recent decades, and it shows great variation in its study and technique in different countries. There is no registered Chilean data to assess TKR implementation. Objective To record the trends in TKR in different aspects within Chile and compare them with records from other countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an email survey among knee surgeons in Chile considering four aspects: general features, preoperative study, surgical technique, and cementation technique. We excluded surveys not completed in full. The analyses included overall data and data per years of experience (YOEs), and we compared the results with those of international studies. RESULTS We obtained 87 complete surveys. Most respondents performed 25 to 50 TKRs each year (44%), with only 16% performing over 75 TKRs. Only 20% used the ambulatory modality, while 43% believed patients always require hospitalization (especially surgeons with more than 10 YOEs). Robotic systems were used by 18% of the surgeons, especially those with more than 10 YOEs; the most used systems were ROSA and CORI. In total 90% of the respondents believed TKR should be part of the Explicit Health Guarantees (Garantías Explícitas de Salud, GES, in Spanish) program, with no differences in terms of YOEs. A total of 81% used the posterior-stabilized (PS) system, 96% performed a medial parapatellar approach, 82% used an extramedullary tibial guide, 41% tended to replace the patella, and 35% did not use a tourniquet (none of the variables showed differences according to YOEs). Only 31% used vacuum cementation (with a higher frequency in the group with fewer than 10 YOEs), 95% placed cement on components and bone, 75% placed it in the keel, and 56% used finger packing (only 22% with a gun). The most common cementation sequence was tibia femur-patella. In most aspects evaluated, we observed important differences compared with studies from other countries. CONCLUSION There is a high variability in the performance of TKR in Chile, with different trends compared with those of other countries. Overall, there are no major differences in the surgical technique concerning YOEs, although there is variation in the cementation technique and the use of robotic systems

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Vitamin D is a hormone known for a long time, for its effects on bone health and the regulation of phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Since the discovery of receptors for this molecule in a large number of cells in the body, the field has been opened for the study of its effects on the immune system. Its relationships with the cells of the immune system, genes, and microbiota cause great interest in relation to immune-mediated diseases. Many data indicates that this vitamin has preventive, modulating and controlling effects of the adverse effects of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) on bone health, although it is difficult to definitively demonstrate causality. In this review, we try to summarize the current situation and controversial issues in this interesting field, focusing on inflammatory bowel diseases.

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In Colombia there are no data about perception of quality of life (QoL) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to determine the perception of QoL by means of the IBDQ-32 questionnaire in patients with IBD from a sample of patients from different referral centers. We carried out a cross-sectional study in adults with IBD in clinical remission, in outpatient follow-up, in 3 institutions in different cities, between June 2022 and November 2022, eligible subjects were identified, information was collected on different dates, about socio-demographic and clinical aspects, and the IBDQ-32 questionnaire was evaluated on one occasion. Descriptive and analytical analysis of the variables evaluated was performed. 80 patients, 70% women, mean age 38.5(range 18-72; SD 13.25) years. 67.5% ulcerative colitis (UC), 32.5% Crohn's disease (CD). Moderate QoL involvement (median 150 points, interquartile range118.3-181.5) was found in IBD, in UC median 151 (interquartile range120-174.75) points, while in CD 133 (interquartile range106.25-186.25) points. There was greater involvement in the systemic domain, with median 21 (interquartile range 15.8-27) points, and 18.5 (interquartile range 12.8-25.3) points, for UC and CD, respectively. The least affected corresponded to the digestive domain and social function, in median UC 48.5 (interquartile range 40-58.3), and 27(interquartile range 20.8-33); in median CD 43 (interquartile range 35.5-61.75) and 24.5(interquartile range 18-32.5), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found. This study provides unique information about QoL of patients with IBD in Colombia. It is necessary to continue reinforcing the accompaniment, support, and education of patients with IBD.

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La vitamina D es una hormona conocida desde larga fecha, por sus efectos sobre la salud ósea y la regulación del metabolismo del fósforo y calcio. Desde el descubrimiento de receptores para esta molécula en un gran número de células del organismo, se ha abierto el campo para el estudio de sus efectos sobre el sistema inmune. Sus relaciones con las células del sistema inmune, genes y microbiota hace que el interés sea grande en relación con enfermedades inmunomediadas. Muchos datos indican que esta vitamina tiene efectos preventivos, moduladores y controladores de los efectos adversos de las Enfermedades Inflamatorias Intestinales (EII) en la salud ósea, aunque es difícil demostrar la causalidad de forma taxativa. En esta revisión intentamos resumir la situación actual y los temas de controversia en este interesante campo, centrándonos en las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales.

Vitamin D is a hormone known for a long time, for its effects on bone health and the regulation of phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Since the discovery of receptors for this molecule in a large number of cells in the body, the field has been opened for the study of its effects on the immune system. Its relationships with the cells of the immune system, genes, and microbiota cause great interest in relation to immune-mediated diseases. Many data indicates that this vitamin has preventive, modulating and controlling effects of the adverse effects of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) on bone health, although it is difficult to definitively demonstrate causality. In this review, we try to summarize the current situation and controversial issues in this interesting field, focusing on inflammatory bowel diseases.

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En Colombia no hay datos acerca de la percepción de la calidad de vida (CdV) en enfermedad infamatoria intestinal (EII). Se plantea como objetivo determinar la percepción de la CdV mediante el cuestionario IBDQ-32 en pacientes con EII a partir de una muestra de pacientes de diferentes centros de referencia. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en adultos, con EII en remisión clínica, en seguimiento ambulatorio, en 3 instituciones en diferentes ciudades, entre junio 2022 a noviembre 2022, se identificaron sujetos elegibles, se recolectó información en fechas distintas, acerca aspectos sociodemográficos y clínicos, se evaluó el cuestionario IBDQ-32 en una ocasión y se realizó análisis descriptivo y analítico de las variables evaluadas. Como resultado, se obtuvieron 80 pacientes, 70% mujeres, edad media 38,5 (rango18-72; SD 13,25) años. 67,5% colitis ulcerosa (CU), 32,5% enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Se encontró compromiso moderado de la CdV (mediana 150 puntos, rango-intercuartílico 118,3-181,5) en EII, en CU mediana 151 (rango-intercuartílico 120-174,75) puntos, mientras en EC 133(rango-intercuartílico 106,25-186,25) puntos. Hubo mayor afección en dominio sistémico, con medianas 21 (rango-intercuartílico 15,8-27) puntos, y 18,5 (rango-intercuartílico 12,8-25,3) puntos, para CU y EC, respectivamente. Y, los menos afectados correspondieron al dominio digestivo y función social, en CU medianas 48,5 (rango-intercuartílico 40-58,3), y 27 (rango-intercuartílico 20,8-33); en EC medianas 43 (rango-intercuartílico 35,5-61,75) y 24,5 (rango-intercuartílico 18-32,5), respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Este estudio aporta información única acerca CdV de los pacientes con EII en Colombia. Se requiere seguir reforzando el acompañamiento, apoyo, y educación a los pacientes con EII.

In Colombia there are no data about perception of quality of life (QoL) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to determine the perception of QoL by means of the IBDQ-32 questionnaire in patients with IBD from a sample of patients from different referral centers. We carried out a cross-sectional study in adults with IBD in clinical remission, in outpatient follow-up, in 3 institutions in different cities, between June 2022 and November 2022, eligible subjects were identified, information was collected on different dates, about socio-demographic and clinical aspects, and the IBDQ-32 questionnaire was evaluated on one occasion. Descriptive and analytical analysis of the variables evaluated was performed. 80 patients, 70% women, mean age 38.5(range 18-72; SD 13.25) years. 67.5% ulcerative colitis (UC), 32.5% Crohn´s disease (CD). Moderate QoL involvement (median 150 points, interquartile range118.3-181.5) was found in IBD, in UC median 151 (interquartile range120-174.75) points, while in CD 133 (interquartile range106.25-186.25) points. There was greater involvement in the systemic domain, with median 21 (interquartile range 15.8-27) points, and 18.5 (interquartile range 12.8-25.3) points, for UC and CD, respectively. The least affected corresponded to the digestive domain and social function, in median UC 48.5 (interquartile range 40-58.3), and 27(interquartile range 20.8-33); in median CD 43 (interquartile range 35.5-61.75) and 24.5(interquartile range 18-32.5), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found. This study provides unique information about QoL of patients with IBD in Colombia. It is necessary to continue reinforcing the accompaniment, support, and education of patients with IBD.

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BACKGROUND: Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate long-term postoperative complications (1994-2019) in patients operated for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and the degree of satisfaction with the procedure. METHODS: Observational study based on the analysis of a retrospective database with prospective follow-up in 115 consecutive patients: 79 with UC and 36 with FAP. A total of 88 patients were followed up, 60 with UC and 28 with PFA. RESULTS: 48 males (54.4%) with a mean age of 44.8 ± 10.6 years were evaluated. Indications for surgery were intractable disease in 54 patients (47%), dysplasia/cancer in 43 (37%), severe bleeding in 4 (4%) and perforation in 3 (3%). A proctectomy and mucosectomy of the rectal stump was performed in 67 (76.1%), and a double stapling technique in 21. A protective ileostomy was performed in all patients with UC and FAP. No differences were found in early complications between the two groups. Late complications showed a higher rate of reservoritis in UC patients compared to FAP (44.9 vs. 14.3%, p = 0.001), with more refractory reservoritis in the UC group (13.3 vs. 0%, p = 0.04) with no differences in bowel obstruction, strictures, or anastomotic fistulas. Overall satisfaction and adaptation were considered good in 87% of UC patients and only 57% in the FAP group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir has comparable morbidity and mortality, except for the higher rate of reservoritis in patients with a history of UC, despite this contingency there is a better quality of life and greater acceptance of surgery in UC patients than in FAP patients.

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SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging cause of viral myocarditis that generates multiple complications, such as dilated cardiomyopathy. We describe a young, obese male patient with severe myocardial involvement by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, who presented with chest pain, elevated cardiac enzymes, non-specific electrocardiographic findings, echocardiogram with evidence of dilated heart disease with reduced ejection fraction, and subsequent verification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results of the cardiac MRI were typical of viral myocarditis. The patient did not respond to a short course of systemic steroids and the standard management for heart failure, had multiple re-admissions, and, unfortunately, died.

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Resumen Introducción: la revascularización temprana ha reducido la presencia de complicaciones mecánicas del infarto agudo de miocardio; la comunicación interventricular suele ocurrir entre el tercer y quinto día después del infarto. Se presenta el caso de un paciente poco usual y en quien los síntomas predominantes fueron principalmente gástricos. Descripción: paciente masculino de 65 años, con historia de hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo activo y consumo frecuente de alcohol, quien consultó por síntomas gastrointestinales y dolor torácico de características atípicas. En el examen físico se encontró un soplo holosistólico de predominio en los focos de la base. El electrocardiograma documentó QS en pared inferior, sin alteraciones del segmento ST-T, biomarcadores positivos y el ecocardiograma encontró disfunción sistólica, aneurisma del segmento basal y medio de la pared inferior con comunicación interventricular con flujo de izquierda a derecha. Fue llevado a coronariografía diagnóstica encontrándose enfermedad severa de dos vasos y luego fue intervenido quirúrgicamente para corrección de aneurisma ventricular, comunicación interventricular y bypass coronario. Conclusión: reconocer las manifestaciones clínicas atípicas del infarto agudo de miocardio y un examen físico bien realizado permiten identificar problemas muy serios, como las complicaciones mecánicas del infarto.

Abstract Introduction: early coronary revascularization has reduced the occurrence of mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction; ventricular septal defect (interventricular communication) usually occurs between the third and fifth days after the event. We present an unusual case where the predominant symptoms were mainly gastrointestinal. Description: A 65-year-old male patient with a history of high blood pressure, active smoking and frequent alcohol consumption, consulted for gastrointestinal symptoms and chest pain with atypical characteristics. In the physical examination a holosystolic murmur with predominance in the foci of the base was found, the electrocardiogram documented QS in the inferior wall without alterations of the ST-T segment, positive cardiac biomarkers and the echocardiogram reported systolic dysfunction, basal and middle segment aneurysm of the lower wall, with ventricular septal defect with left to right flow. A diagnostic coronary angiography was performed founding two vessel severe disease, then the patient was surgically intervened for ventricular aneurysm correction, ventricular septal defect and coronary bypass. Conclusion: Recognizing the atypical clinical manifestations of acute myocardial infarction and a well-performed physical examination make it possible to identify serious problems such as the mechanical complications of infarction.

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This paper presents the data obtained from the CFD simulation of a pico-hydraulic turbine designed for electric power generation in residential units. Pico-hydro turbine systems are a booming option that seeks to take advantage of small waterfalls and/or streams to generate electricity in a clean way. The data collection process was carried out through simulations developed to a model created in SolidWorks, with the help of the ANSYS CFX software in which the solver configuration was adjusted to the parameters suggested by the manufacturer's manuals (ANSYS) and the boundary conditions were determined based on the current regulatory standards for drinking water systems for Colombia. These boundary conditions influence the operation of the turbine, which is why three runs were carried out corresponding to three points of operation and to obtain the output pressure, the fall of the turbine and the hydraulic power that the device would utilise. The data, acquired in a strict manner, offers potential support for further research in the area and the possible manufacture of prototypes. It also encourages the development of simulations and laboratory tests of this type of device in which geometric factors or operating conditions could be modified.

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Beneficial microorganisms maintain the ecosystems, plants, animals and humans working in healthy conditions. In nature, around 95% of all microorganisms produce beneficial effects by increasing nutrients digestion and assimilation, preventing pathogens development and by improving environmental parameters. However, increase in human population and indiscriminate uses of antibiotics have been exerting a great pressure on agriculture, livestock, aquaculture, and also to the environment. This pressure has induced the decomposition of environmental parameters and the development of pathogenic strains resistant to most antibiotics. Therefore, all antibiotics have been restricted by corresponding authorities; hence, new and healthy alternatives to prevent or eliminate these pathogens need to be identified. Thus, probiotic bacteria utilization in aquaculture systems has emerged as a solution to prevent pathogens development, to enhance nutrients assimilation and to improve environmental parameters. In this sense, B. subtilis is an ideal multifunctional probiotic bacterium, with the capacity to solve these problems and also to increase aquaculture profitability.

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CASE DESCRIPTION: A 72-year-old woman with primary Sjögren Syndrome (SS) was diagnosed during an inpatient hospital stay with dry symptoms. The patient had respiratory and constitutional symptoms, requiring a pulmonary imaging evaluation by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Multiple cavitary pulmonary nodules, halo sign, and focal areas of ground-glass opacity with predominance in both bases were found in the images. Complementary studies were done where a neoplastic focus was ruled out. The diagnosis of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis was confirmed with a pulmonary biopsy performed by videothoracoscopy for histopathological study, which reported the formation of nodules in the parenchyma with amyloid deposits and positive immunohistochemical markers for CD3, CD20, and CD38 lymphocytic infiltration. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Initial inpatient management with intravenous cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone was given. Subsequent outpatient management was given with high dose glucocorticoids. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We presented a case of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis in a female patient with primary SS, which is a rare pulmonary manifestation of this syndrome.

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High blood pressure in patients with diabetes mellitus results in a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. The current evidence regarding the impact of intervention on blood pressure levels (in accordance with a specific threshold) is not particularly robust. Blood pressure control is more difficult to achieve in patients with diabetes than in non-diabetic patients, and requires using combination therapy in most patients. Different management guidelines recommend initiating pharmacological therapy with values >140/90 mm/Hg; however, an optimal cut point for this population has not been established. Based on the available evidence, it appears that blood pressure targets will probably have to be lower than <140/90mmHg, and that values approaching 130/80mmHg should be recommended. Initial treatment of hypertension in diabetes should include drug classes demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular events; i.e., angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, or dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. The start of therapy must be individualized in accordance with the patient's baseline characteristics, and factors such as associated comorbidities, race, and age, inter alia.

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Resumen Mujer de 45 años de edad con antecedente de extabaquismo pesado, cursó con cuadro crónico de cefalea en región occipital irradiado a región temporal asociado a disminución de la agudeza visual de ojo izquierdo. El cuadro empeoró en los últimos seis meses y se asoció a polidipsia y poliuria. Presentó cuadro sincopal con amnesia retrógrada, para lo cual se realizó una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) contrastada de cráneo que mostró múltiples lesiones parenquimatosas cerebrales y del cerebelo compatibles con metástasis. Se hizo estudio hormonal para evaluar la función hipofisiaria evidenciando un panhipopituitarismo secundario. Se detectó foco primario neoplásico mediante TAC contrastada de tórax, evidenciando una lesión espiculada en el lóbulo superior derecho sugestiva de carcinoma broncogénico, posteriormente se tomó biopsia por fibrobroncoscopia el cual confirmó por histopatología e inmunohistoquímica el diagnóstico de un adenocarcinoma broncogénico. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 115-118).

Abstract A 45-year-old woman with a history of heavy extabaquism presented with chronic headache in the occipital region irradiated to the temporal region associated with decreased visual acuity of the left eye. The picture worsened in the last six months and was associated with polydipsia and polyuria. She presented a syncopal picture with retrograde amnesia, for which a contrast computed tomography (CT) of the skull was performed, which showed multiple parenchymal brain and cerebellar lesions compatible with metastasis. Hormonal study was done to evaluate the hypophyseal function evidencing a secondary panhypopituitarism. A primary neoplastic focus was detected by a contrast chest CT scan, showing a spiculated lesion in the right upper lobe suggestive of bronchogenic carcinoma. A biopsy was subsequently taken by fibrobronchoscopy, which confirmed the diagnosis of a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 115-118).

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term efficacy of a glenohumeral posterior mobilization technique versus conventional physiotherapy for the improvement of the range of external rotation in patients with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. METHODS: This is a randomized clinical trial conducted at Hospital Clinico San Borja Arriaran in Chile. Fifty-seven patients with an age range of 50 to 58 years old were enrolled in two groups. Both groups were randomized to receive a treatment of 10 sessions: the experimental group (n=29) received a glenohumeral posterior mobilization technique after training with a cycle ergometer, and the control group (n=28) received conventional physiotherapy. The primary outcome measure was range of passive movement in external rotation; secondary outcomes were forward flexion and shoulder abduction, pain perception using the visual analogue scale and functionality test using the Constant-Murley Score. RESULTS: The study had the statistical power to detect a difference of four degrees between the groups in the improvement of the range of external rotation at the end of the treatment period. The experimental group showed a significant improvement with a mean difference of 46.3 degrees (SD=8.7) compared to 18.1 (SD=7.2) in the control group (p<0.0001). There was also a decrease in the perception of pain (p= 0.0002) and improved function (p< 0.0001) in the group treated with glenohumeral posterior mobilization technique. CONCLUSIONS: The glenohumeral posterior mobilization technique applied after training with cycle ergometer is an effective short-term technique to treat primary adhesive capsulitis decreasing the severity of pain and improving joint function compared with conventional physiotherapy treatment. The degree of increase in shoulder external rotation is more than 20 degrees beyond the increase achieved with conventional treatment.

OBJETIVO: Demostrar la efectividad a corto plazo de la técnica de movilización posterior glenohumeral, en la mejoría del rango de rotación externa en pacientes con capsulitis adhesiva primaria de hombro. MÉTODOS: El presente estudio clínico aleatorizado, fue realizado en el Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, donde 57 participantes en un rango de edad entre 50 y 58 años, fueron asignados de forma aleatoria a uno de dos grupos de tatamiento. A ambos grupos se les dio un tratamiento de 10 sesiones. El grupo experimental (n=29) recibió la técnica de movilización posterior glenohumeral luego de un entrenamiento con cicloergómetro. El grupo control (n=28) participó de un programa de tratamiento kinésico convencional. La medida de resultado primaria fue el rango de movimiento pasivo de rotación externa, las mediciones secundarias fueron el rango de flexión anterior y abducción, la percepción del dolor se midió con la escala visual analógica y la funcionalidad usando el puntaje de Constant-Murley. RESULTADOS: El estudio fue diseñado con potencia estadística para detectar una diferencia de cuatro grados en el rango de rotación externa entre los grupos al finalizar el tratamiento. El grupo experimental mostró una mejoría significativa con un promedio de la diferencia de 46,3 grados y desviación estándar 8,7 grados en comparación con el grupo control con 18,1 grados y desviación estándar 7,2 grados (p<0,0001). También hubo una disminución en la percepción del dolor (p=0,0002) y mejoró la funcionalidad (p<0,0001) en el grupo tratado con movilización posterior glenohumeral. CONCLUSIONES: La movilización posterior glenohumeral aplicada luego de un entrenamiento con cicloergómetro es una técnica efectiva a corto plazo en el manejo terapéutico de la capsulitis adhesiva primaria. Este tratamiento disminuye el dolor y mejora la función comparado con un tratamiento kinésico convencional. El grado de incremento en la rotación externa de hombro supera en más de 20 grados al tratamiento convencional.

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El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito determinar la influencia de un programa de cuentos ecológicos en la formación de conciencia ambiental en estudiantes de 4°, 5° y 6° grado de educación primaria. Se trabajó con 72 niños provenientes de seis instituciones educativas rurales multigrado y unidocente. Se aplicó un programa de lectura de 15 cuentos, metodológicamente elaborados por los autores y obedeciendo principalmente a la problemática ambiental local sobre los recursos agua, flora, fauna, suelo y consumismo; los mismos que se acompañan de actividades pro ambientales consensuadas y desarrolladas en cada escuela. Como instrumento se aplicó una encuesta que incluye 17 preguntas para el previamente validados. El estudio encuentra que el programa de cuentos ecológicos influye significativamente en el cambio de actitudes ambientales de los estudiantes de educación primaria de las zonas rurales en las tres áreas evaluadas; notándose una mayor significancia en el área valorativa, seguido del área conceptual; con respecto al área de práctica social evidencia en los niños su capacidad de organización y entusiasmo por el trabajo en bien del ambiente natural y social; por lo que podemos concluir que los cuentos ecológicos metodológicamente elaborados, y tal como lo corroboran los hallazgos de Bustos, Peña, Solís, Rumrril y otros; pueden ser instrumentos importantes para generar y formar conciencia ambiental en los niños, hecho que nos lleva a recomendar su uso sistemático tanto en la escuela como en la comunidad.

This study was aimed to determine the influence of a program of environmental stories in the formation of environmental awareness in students of 4th, 5th and 6th grade of primary education. We worked with 72 children from six rural multigrade and Educational Institutions Unidocentes. We performed a reading program of 15 short stories, methodologically developed by the author and are mainly due to local environmental issues on water resources, flora, fauna, soil and consumerism, which we will be accompanied by pro-environmental activities agreed and carries out under each school. As an instrument, a survey involving 17 questions for the conceptual area, 9 questions for the valuation area and a tab to examine the area of social practice previously validated instruments. The study finds that the program of environmental stories significantly influence the change in environmental attitudes of elementary school students in rural areas in all three areas assessed, noting an increased significance in the valuation area, followed by conceptual area, with respect to social practice are evident in children whose organizational skills and enthusiasm for work in either the natural and social environment, so we can conclude that ecological methodologically, elaborate tales, and as we corroborate the findings of Bustos, Peña, Solis, Rumrrill and others can be important tools to generate environmental awareness and educate children, a fact which leads us to recommend its routine use in school and community.

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The recent identification of the CARD15/NOD2 gene as a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease represents an important step in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The gene explains about 20% of the genetic susceptibility CARD15 mutations are present in 30-50% of CD patients compared to 7-20% of healthy controls. The three risk alleles R702W, G908R and 1007fsInsC in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease have demonstrated a remarkable amount of heterogeneity across ethnicities and populations, with regional variation across Europe. In non-Caucasian populations Crohn's disease continues to increase in incidence but this increase appears not to be a consequence of variation in NOD2. Genotype-phenotype analyses demonstrated an association of these mutations with ileum-specific disease and an increased incidence of the fibrostenotic phenotype. Although CARD15 variants do not predict response to the TNF alpha monoclonal antibodies, there are no data available on the possible influence of CARD15 mutations on response to other drugs. Screening for CARD15 mutations in order to identify high-risk individuals or to introduce an individualized disease management is therefore currently not recommended.

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El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito determinar las creencias y patrones que utilizan las madres que habitan en el área rural de Amazonas en la crianza de sus hijos menores de 6 años. Se trabajó con dos muestras comparativas totalizando 299 madres correspondientes a las zonas rurales de la sierra que habitan sobre los 2000 m de altitud y selva de Amazonas entre 80 y 200 m. Se aplicó un instrumento de evaluación que incluye: las expectativas vinculadas al desarrollo de las capacidades del niño(a), creencias respecto al tiempo en que se deben iniciar las actividades de crianza, permisividad y estrictez en el sistema, procedimientos para manejar problemas de crianza y las fuentes de información para la crianza. Se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las madres de la sierra y las de la selva en cuanto a las creencias y patrones que las madres utilizan para criar a sus hijos (a) s. Ambos grupos, presentan similares tendencias tardías respecto al tiempo de inicio de las actividades de crianza y al logro de competencias de los niños (a) s. Las madres de la zona sierra tienden a ser más estrictas así como son más renuentes a consultar sobre las fuentes de información para la crianza. Los resultados, en general, coinciden en gran extensión son los encontrados por Panez (1989), Lozada (2002) y Arteaga (2002) y otros autores. Se concluye señalando que la procedencia de las madres influye en el uso de creencias y patrones para la crianza de sus hijo(a) s, y difieren sobre todo significativamente en le uso de los conocimientos e información actualizada, por lo que se sugiere elaborar e implementar programas de formación para la maternidad responsable de las madres rurales de Amazonas.

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Las dermatofitosis son micosis superficiales producidas por hongos dermatofitos, que tienen la capacidad de invadir el tejido queratinizado (piel, pelos y uñas) del hombre y los animales. El objetivo fue evaluar las dermatofitosis en cobayos de bioterio convencional de la Granja Experimental "La Torcaz". Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y de campo durante un año, explorándose variables clínicas y micológicas. Se tomaron 208 muestras al azar de piel aparentemente sana y escamas epidérmicas o pelos. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó mediante el programa Epi-info versión 5.01. A las muestras obtenidas se les realizó examen directo con KOH al 10 por ciento + Tinta Parker y se sembraron en placas de Petri conteniendo medio de cultivo Mycosel y Lactrimel. Los agentes de dermatofitosis más frecuentemente aislados fueron: Trichophyton mentagrophytes (38,46 por ciento) y Microsporum canis (28,37 por ciento). Las infecciones fúngicas fueron mas comunes en los animales jóvenes (lactantes y en crecimiento) que en los adultos. El examen por cultivo resultó el método más efectivo para la detección de dermatofitos. Se debe establecer dentro de la rutina de trabajo un programa de muestreo periódico de la colonia de cobayos.

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