RESUMEN
Virtually all known tumor predisposing genes have been identified via the analysis of familial cancer cases. Here we argue that this approach is likely to miss recessively acting cancer genes and suggest the analysis of family history-negative patients with multiple primary malignancies for identifying homozygous at-risk genotypes. We performed calculations showing that the homozygous carriers of rare recessive cancer predisposing alleles are unlikely to report a family history of the disease. We further revealed that the c.2515_2519delAAGTT homozygous mutation in a Holliday junction resolvase, GEN1, was overrepresented in women with bilateral breast cancer (BC) as compared to healthy controls [11/360 (3.1 %) vs. 18/1305 (1.4 %); odds ratio (OR) = 2.25 (1.02-4.75); p = 0.031], although this trend was not maintained in unilateral BC patients [23/1851 (1.2 %)]. Noticeably, presence of biallelic c.2515_2519delAAGTT mutation was associated with the absence of BC in mother both in bilateral and unilateral BC cases [7/239 (3.0 %) vs. 0/41 (0 %) and 21/1,558 (1.3 %) vs. 0/215 (0 %), respectively; Mantel-Haenszel p = 0.041]. Thus, this study suggests that identification of dominant and recessive cancer predisposing genes may require distinct study groups.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Genes Recesivos , Resolvasas de Unión Holliday/genética , Síndromes Neoplásicos Hereditarios/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Alelos , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Homocigoto , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The BLM gene belongs to the RecQ helicase family and has been implicated in the maintenance of genomic stability. Its homozygous germline inactivation causes Bloom syndrome, a severe genetic disorder characterized by growth retardation, impaired fertility and highly elevated cancer risk. We hypothesized that BLM is a candidate gene for breast cancer (BC) predisposition. Sequencing of its entire coding region in 95 genetically enriched Russian BC patients identified two heterozygous carriers of the c.1642 C>T (Q548X) mutation. The extended study revealed this allele in 17/1,498 (1.1%) BC cases vs. 2/1,093 (0.2%) healthy women (p = 0.004). There was a suggestion that BLM mutations were more common in patients reporting first-degree family history of BC (6/251 (2.4%) vs. 11/1,247 (0.9%), p = 0.05), early-onset cases (12/762 (1.6%) vs. 5/736 (0.7%), p = 0.14) and women with bilateral appearance of the disease (2/122 (1.6%) vs. 15/1376 (1.1%), p = 0.64). None of the BLM-associated BC exhibited somatic loss of heterozygosity at the BLM gene locus. This study demonstrates that BLM Q548X allele is recurrent in Slavic subjects and may be associated with BC risk.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Mutación , RecQ Helicasas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Secuencia de Bases , Femenino , Mutación de Línea Germinal , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Federación de Rusia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A single institution series of 48 mucosal melanomas (MMs) has been analyzed for the presence of KIT mutations using high-resolution melting and sequencing of abnormally melted DNA fragments. The analysis of exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 has revealed eight of 48 (17%) nonsynonymous alterations, including zero of seven head and neck, six of 24 anorectal, one of 15 genitourinary, one of one gastric, and zero of one mediastinal MMs. Seven of these mutations were potentially associated with the tumor sensitivity to KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors. One tumor harbored somatically acquired silent nucleotide substitution c.1383A>G (T461T). This study adds to the evidence that a substantial portion of MMs carry a therapeutically relevant mutation in the KIT oncogene.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Melanoma/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-kit/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Urogenitales/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Análisis Mutacional de ADN/métodos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/epidemiología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Humanos , Melanoma/epidemiología , Melanoma/patología , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismo , Membrana Mucosa/patología , Mutación/fisiología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Neoplasias Urogenitales/epidemiología , Neoplasias Urogenitales/patologíaRESUMEN
Since germline mutations in the PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) gene have been identified as breast cancer (BC) susceptibility alleles, the geographical spread and risks associated with PALB2 mutations are subject of intense investigation. Patients with bilateral breast cancer constitute a valuable group for genetic studies. We have thus scanned the whole coding region of PALB2 in a total of 203 German or Russian bilateral breast cancer patients using an approach based on high-resolution melting analysis and direct sequencing of genomic DNA samples. Truncating PALB2 mutations were identified in 4/203 (2%) breast cancer patients with bilateral disease. The two nonsense mutations, p.E545X and p.Q921X, have not been previously described whereas the two other mutations, p.R414X and c.509_510delGA, are recurrent. Our results indicate that PALB2 germline mutations account for a small, but not negligible, proportion of bilateral breast carcinomas in German and Russian populations.