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BACKGROUND: With the aging of the population worldwide, extending healthy life expectancy is an urgent issue. Muscle mass has been reported to be associated with physical independence and longevity. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of food intake in urban community-dwelling older adults with low muscle mass. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Bunkyo Health Study, which included 1618 urban community-dwelling older adults aged 65-84 years. All participants underwent measurement of body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis and evaluation of nutrient and food intake using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Participants were stratified by sex and divided into robust or low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) groups according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria to compare differences in nutrient and food intake. RESULTS: The mean age and body mass index were 73.1 ± 5.4 years and 22.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of low SMI was 31.1% in men and 43.3% in women. In men, all food intake, including total energy intake, was similar between the low SMI group and the robust group. In women, the low SMI group had less total energy intake, and consumed lower amounts of energy-producing nutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates), but there were only small differences in the intake of specific foods. CONCLUSIONS: There were sex differences in food intake characteristics between urban community-dwelling older adults with low SMI and those who were robust. Advising women to increase their energy intake may be important in preventing muscle loss, and further research is needed in men.

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Vida Independiente , Sarcopenia , Población Urbana , Humanos , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Vida Independiente/tendencias , Sarcopenia/epidemiología , Población Urbana/tendencias , Dieta , Japón/epidemiología , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Ingestión de Energía/fisiología

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BACKGROUND: Mitral valvuloplasty using artificial chordae tendineae represents an effective surgical approach for treating mitral regurgitation. Achieving precise measurements of artificial chordae tendineae length (CL) is an important factor in the procedure; however, no objective index currently exists to facilitate this measurement. Therefore, preoperative assessment of CL is critical for surgical planning and support. Four-dimensional x-ray micro-computed tomography (4D-CT) may be useful for accurate CL measurement considering that it allows for dynamic three-dimensional (3D) evaluation compared to that with transthoracic echocardiography, a conventional inspection method. AIM: To investigate the behavior and length of mitral chordae tendineae during systole using 4D-CT. METHODS: Eleven adults aged > 70 years without mitral valve disease were evaluated. A 64-slice CT scanner was used to capture 20 phases in the cardiac cycle in electrocardiographic synchronization. The length of the primary chordae tendineae was measured from early systole to early diastole using the 3D image. The primary chordae tendineae originating from the anterior papillary muscle and attached to the A1-2 region and those from the posterior papillary muscle and attached to the A2-3 region were designated as cA and cP, respectively. The behavior and maximum lengths [cA (ma), cP (max)] were compared, and the correlation with body surface area (BSA) was evaluated. RESULTS: In all cases, the mitral anterior leaflet chordae tendineae could be measured. In most cases, the cA and cP chordae tendineae could be measured visually. The mean cA (max) and cP (max) were 20.2 mm ± 1.95 mm and 23.5 mm ± 4.06 mm, respectively. cP (max) was significantly longer. The correlation coefficients (r) with BSA were 0.60 and 0.78 for cA (max) and cP (max), respectively. Both cA and cP exhibited constant variation in CL during systole, with a maximum 1.16-fold increase in cA and a 1.23-fold increase in cP from early to mid-systole. For cP, CL reached a plateau at 15% and remained elongated until end-systole, whereas for cA, after peaking at 15%, CL shortened slightly and then moved toward its peak again as end-systole approached. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that 4D-CT is a valuable tool for accurate measurement of both the length and behavior of chordae tendineae within the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve.

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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1227639.].

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Introduction: Exercise is beneficial for increasing areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adolescence and maintaining it in old age. Moreover, high-impact sports are more effective than low-impact sports in increasing aBMD. This study aimed to determine the types of adolescent sports played in school-based sports clubs associated with aBMD in old age. Methods: In total, 1,596 older adults (681 men and 915 women, age: 65-84 years) living in an urban area of Japan were evaluated for the femoral neck and lumbar spine aBMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association between adolescent sports played in sports clubs and aBMD in old age was analyzed using multiple regression analysis, with femoral neck and lumbar spine aBMD as dependent variables, and sports type and participant characteristics such as age, body weight, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level, as independent variables. Results: For the femoral neck, basketball was associated with aBMD in older men (ß = 0.079, p < 0.05) and women (ß = 0.08, p < 0.01), whereas current body weight and 25(OH)D level were associated with aBMD in both sexes. For the lumbar spine, volleyball (ß = 0.08, p < 0.01) and swimming (ß = 0.06, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with lumbar spine aBMD, whereas current body weight, 25(OH)D, and diabetes mellitus were associated with aBMD in older women. Conclusion: Both men and women who played basketball in adolescence had higher femoral neck aBMD in old age. Moreover, women who played volleyball in adolescence had higher lumbar spine aBMD in old age.

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BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia, defined as an age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a major risk factor for requiring long-term care. Because physical activity in adolescence and older age enhances peak muscle function in youth and prevents muscle function decline in older age, older adults with exercise habits during both periods may be at a lower risk for sarcopenia. We investigated the relationship between exercise habits in adolescence and older age and sarcopenia and its components in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. METHODS: This study included 1607 community-dwelling individuals (aged 65-84, medians 73 years, 679 men and 928 women) with complete health examinations, including measurements of skeletal muscle index, handgrip strength and gait speed, who were enrolled in the Bunkyo Health Study. We divided the participants into four groups according to exercise habits in adolescence and older age: no exercise in either period (none-none; NN), exercise only in adolescence (active-none; AN), exercise only in older age (none-active; NA) and exercise in both periods (active-active; AA). Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in each group for the prevalence of sarcopenia, defined as low muscle mass and low muscle performance, as compared with the NN group. Low muscle performance was defined as low muscle strength and/or low gait speed. RESULTS: The total prevalence of sarcopenia was 6.6% (45/679) in men and 1.7% (16/928) in women, the total prevalence of low muscle mass was 14.3% (97/679) in men and 5.2% (48/928) in women, and the total prevalence of low muscle performance was 25.6% (174/679) in men and 19.6% (182/928) in women. In men, the ORs (95% CIs) for sarcopenia, low muscle mass and low muscle performance were significantly lower in the AA group (sarcopenia: 0.29 [0.09-0.95], P = 0.041; low muscle mass: 0.21 [0.09-0.52], P = 0.001; and low muscle performance: 0.52 [0.28-0.97], P = 0.038). In women, the OR (95% CI) for low muscle performance was significantly lower in the AA group than in the other groups (0.48 [0.27-0.84], P = 0.010), whereas none of the ORs for sarcopenia and low muscle mass were significant. CONCLUSIONS: Older men with exercise habits in both adolescence and older age were at a lower risk of sarcopenia, low muscle mass and low muscle performance, whereas older women with exercise habits at both time periods were at a lower risk of low muscle performance.

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Sarcopenia , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ejercicio Físico , Hábitos , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Sarcopenia/etiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años

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Dietary habits are associated with various diseases and assessed by dietary patterns (DPs). Since the ALDH2 genotype is correlated with alcohol and several food preferences, this genotype is probably associated with DPs. In this cross-sectional study of 1612 elderly adults, we investigated the effects of the ALDH2 genotype on DPs and the mediating role of alcohol intake. We identified the ALDH2 genotype and conducted a dietary history survey, then used principal component analysis to determine DPs for each gender. We performed multiple regression analysis to determine the independent contribution of the ALDH2 genotype and alcohol intake to DP scores. We identified three DPs: the "Japanese side dish type" (DP1), the "Japanese dish with alcohol type" (DP2), and the "Western dish with alcohol type" (DP3). In men, the single nucleotide polymorphism ALDH2 rs671 was significantly associated with all DP scores. When alcohol intake was added as a covariate, ALDH2 rs671 was still significantly correlated with the DP2 score but not with the DP1 or DP3 score, and alcohol intake was significantly correlated with all DP scores. In women, ALDH2 rs671 was significantly associated with the DP2 and DP3 scores; however, after adding alcohol intake as a covariate, these associations disappeared, and alcohol intake significantly correlated with all DP scores. In conclusion, the ALDH2 genotype was associated with several DPs in elderly adults, but most associations were mediated by alcohol intake.

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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa Mitocondrial , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/genética , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa Mitocondrial/genética , Estudios Transversales , Genotipo

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the diaphragm volume using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) and verify its validity. Design: This was a retrospective study of existing samples. Methods: Participants comprised five male patients, aged 65-70 years, who underwent preoperative chest CT (with a slice thickness of 0.5 mm) before coronary artery bypass surgery. The diaphragm was selectively extracted using a workstation to reconstruct a stereoscopic image, and the total muscle volume was measured. To confirm the accuracy and reproducibility of diaphragm muscle volume measurements on CT, all cases were measured three times by two observers, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and interobserver correlations were determined. Results: Observers #1 and #2 reported an average diaphragm volume of 256.7±33 cm3 and 259.3±36 cm3, respectively. The ICC analyses yielded Cronbach's alphas of 0.992 and 0.981 from both observers, and the interobserver correlation was 0.991. The ICC of a single measurement and the average measurement was 0.984 (95% confidence interval: 0.998-0.884) and 0.992 (95% confidence interval: 0.999-0.939), respectively. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to standardize the method for measuring the total diaphragm volume and examine the reproducibility and validity of the new method. The diaphragm could be selectively extracted and reconstructed. Measurement of the total diaphragm muscle volume using a workstation to reconstruct a stereoscopic image is feasible and highly reproducible. This technique can be reliably employed to evaluate diaphragm volume, thickness, and morphology.