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Analisar o efeito do tratamento com vitamina C sobre a lipoperoxidação hepática e muscular, assim como sobre parâmetros bioquímicos de camundongos C57BL/6 submetidos à dieta de cafeteria durante nove semanas. Dezessete camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6, com dois meses de idade foram alocados em três grupos: 1) Controle, 2) Cafeteria e 3) Cafeteria + Vitamina C. O ensaio biológico foi conduzido por nove semanas, os animais foram mantidos em jejum de doze horas, e depois de sacrificados, o sangue e os tecidos foram coletados para dosagens bioquímicas. A partir de amostras de fígado e músculo sóleo, foram quantificados os teores de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e de lipídeos totais. Os fígados dos camundongos alimentados com dieta de cafeteria tratados ou não com vitamina C apresentaram maiores teores de TBARS comparados aos controles (p<0,05). Já o teor de TBARS muscular foi maior nos camundongos do grupo Cafeteria + Vitamina C comparado àquele encontrado para os animais Cafeteria e Controle (p<0,05). As concentrações de colesterol hepático e muscular foram mais elevadas no grupo Cafeteria + Vitamina C comparadas às dos grupos Controle e Cafeteria (p<0,05). O tratamento com vitamina C aumentou a lipoperoxidação muscular, mas não influenciou esse parâmetro no fígado de camundongos C57BL/6 alimentados com dieta de cafeteria. Além disso, a vitamina C elevou a concentração de colesterol nos tecidos hepático e muscular, mas não alterou a glicemia e os lipídeos séricos dos animais após nove semanas de tratamento.(AU)

To analyze the effect of vitamin C treatment on hepatic and muscular lipoperoxidation, as well as on biochemical parameters of C57BL / 6 mice submitted to the cafeteria diet for nine weeks. Seventeen mice of the C57BL / 6 lineage, two months old, were allocated to three groups: 1) Control, 2) Cafeteria and 3) Cafeteria + Vitamin C. The biological assay was conducted for nine weeks, the animals were kept in fasting for 12 hours and after being sacrificed, blood and tissues were collected for biochemical dosages. From the samples of liver and muscle, the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and total lipids were quantified. The livers of mice fed with a diet of coffee or not treated with vitamin C showed higher levels of TBARS compared to controls (p <0.05). The muscle TBARS content was higher in the mice of the Cafeteria + Vitamin C group compared to that found for the Cafeteria and Control animals (p <0.05). The concentrations of hepatic and muscular cholesterol were higher in the Cafeteria + Vitamin C group compared to the Control and Cafeteria groups (p <0.05). Treatment with vitamin C increased muscle lipoperoxidation, but did not influence this parameter in the liver of C57BL 6 mice fed with cafeteria diet. In addition, vitamin C increased cholesterol concentration in liver and muscle tissues, but did not change serum glycemia and serum lipids after nine weeks of treatment.(AU)

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This study investigated the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and anthropometric and biochemical variables in a cross-sectional study conducted with secondary data from the first visit of the randomized clinical trial of the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program (BALANCE Program) (2013-2014). Weight, height, waist circumference, lipid profile and fasting glycemia and a 24-hour diet recall were collected. Differences between consumption and non-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were evaluated by Student's t-test. The Chi-square test was employed to analyze the association between consumption and non-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and biochemical and anthropometric factors. The sample consisted of 2,172 individuals, mostly men (58.5%), elderly (63.6%), C-rated economic class (57.3%), and overweight (62.7%). A statistically significant difference was found between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and higher BMI values (p=0.029), waist circumference (p=0.004) and triglycerides (p=0.023). These results emphasize the need for nutritional intervention regarding the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages as part of the dietary treatment of this population.

O presente estudo investigou a associação entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas em análise transversal, realizado com dados secundários referentes à primeira consulta do ensaio clínico randomizado Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (2013-2014). Foram coletados peso, altura, circunferência da cintura, perfil lipídico e glicemia de jejum e dados de um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Diferenças entre o consumo e não consumo de bebidas açucaradas foram avaliadas pelo teste T de student. Para analisar a associação entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e fatores bioquímicos e antropométricos foi utilizado o teste qui quadrado. A amostra foi de 2.172 indivíduos, sendo a maioria homens (58,5%), idosos (63,6%), do nível econômico C (57,3%), com ensino fundamental (45,8%) e com excesso de peso (62,7%). Houve associação significativa entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e maior valores de índice de massa corporal (p=0,029), circunferência da cintura (p=0,004) e triglicerídeos (p=0,023). Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de intervenção nutricional quanto ao consumo de bebidas açucaradas como parte do tratamento dietético desta população.

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Resumo O presente estudo investigou a associação entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas em análise transversal, realizado com dados secundários referentes à primeira consulta do ensaio clínico randomizado Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (2013-2014). Foram coletados peso, altura, circunferência da cintura, perfil lipídico e glicemia de jejum e dados de um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Diferenças entre o consumo e não consumo de bebidas açucaradas foram avaliadas pelo teste T de student. Para analisar a associação entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e fatores bioquímicos e antropométricos foi utilizado o teste qui quadrado. A amostra foi de 2.172 indivíduos, sendo a maioria homens (58,5%), idosos (63,6%), do nível econômico C (57,3%), com ensino fundamental (45,8%) e com excesso de peso (62,7%). Houve associação significativa entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e maior valores de índice de massa corporal (p=0,029), circunferência da cintura (p=0,004) e triglicerídeos (p=0,023). Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de intervenção nutricional quanto ao consumo de bebidas açucaradas como parte do tratamento dietético desta população.

Abstract This study investigated the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and anthropometric and biochemical variables in a cross-sectional study conducted with secondary data from the first visit of the randomized clinical trial of the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program (BALANCE Program) (2013-2014). Weight, height, waist circumference, lipid profile and fasting glycemia and a 24-hour diet recall were collected. Differences between consumption and non-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were evaluated by Student's t-test. The Chi-square test was employed to analyze the association between consumption and non-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and biochemical and anthropometric factors. The sample consisted of 2,172 individuals, mostly men (58.5%), elderly (63.6%), C-rated economic class (57.3%), and overweight (62.7%). A statistically significant difference was found between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and higher BMI values (p=0.029), waist circumference (p=0.004) and triglycerides (p=0.023). These results emphasize the need for nutritional intervention regarding the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages as part of the dietary treatment of this population.

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ABSTRACT Neutropenia is one of the adverse effects caused by the administration of chemotherapy drugs. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of vitamin C supplementation in a model of immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Vitamin C supplementation (50 mg/kg/day) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 7 consecutive days in adult Swiss albino female. Mice were divided into four groups (n= 8/group): 1. Control (only distilled water i.p.), 2. Cyclophosphamide group (cyclophosphamide i.p. 150 and 100 mg/kg on days 1 and 4, respectively and distilled water daily), 3. Vitamin C group (Vitamin C 50 mg/kg i.p. and distilled water daily), and 4. Cyclophosphamide and Vitamin C group (cyclophosphamide i.p. 150 and 100 mg/kg on days 1 and 4, respectively and vitamin C 50 mg/kg i.p. daily). Vitamin C did not interfere in leukocytes count, but when co-administered with cyclophosphamide, significant interaction was observed, intensifying the neutropenia caused by cyclophosphamide. Vitamin C did not influence body weight during treatment, but groups receiving cyclophosphamide had a significant weight loss from the third day of treatment until the end of experiment compared to the control group. Vitamin C supplementation intensified neutropenia induced by cyclophosphamide and did not prevent weight loss induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.

RESUMEN La neutropenia es uno de los efectos adversos causados por la administración de medicamentos de quimioterapia. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de la administración de suplementos de vitamina C en un modelo de inmunosupresión inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratones. Se realizó la suplementación de vitamina C (50 mg/kg/día) administrada por vía intraperitoneal (i.p) por 7 días en ratones hembras swiss albinas adultas. Los ratones fueron divididos en cuatro grupos (n= 8 / grupo): Control (solamente agua destilada i.p) Ciclofosfamida (ciclofosfamida i.p. 150 mg/kg y 100 mg/kg en el día 1 y día 4 y agua destilada diariamente) Vitamin C (vitamina C 50 mg/kg i.p y agua destilada diariamente), Ciclofosfamida y Vit C (ciclofosfamida i.p. 150 y 100 mg/kg en el día 1 y día 4 y vitamina C 50 mg/kg i.p. diariamente). La vitamina C por sí no interfirió en los valores de leucocitos y tampoco influyó en el peso corporal durante el tratamiento, pero los grupos que recibieron ciclofosfamida tuvieron una pérdida de peso significativa desde el tercer día de tratamiento hasta el final del experimento en comparación con el grupo control. La suplementación de vitamina C intensificó la neutropenia inducida por ciclofosfamida y no evitó la pérdida de peso inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratones.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ilex paraguariensis infusion on redox state of Wistar rats submitted to high-fat and standard diet. Glutathione determination and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus tissues and liver was performed, as well as the analysis of gene expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results from hippocampus showed that the groups fed with standard diet exhibited significant reduction of lipid peroxidation when supplemented with Ilex paraguariensis. The analysis from glutathione determination in the hippocampus showed a significant increase in glutathione activity in the group treated with high-fat diet and Ilex paraguariensis. In the liver, results showed no significant difference in both glutatione and lipid peroxidation analisys. Gene expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase showed that there was significant difference in the groups treated with high-fat diet and Ilex paraguariensis. In summary, the Ilex paraguariensis showed substantial potential for antioxidant activities.

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BACKGROUND: The benefits of caloric restriction (CR) on the protection against age-related neurodegenerative diseases have been the subject of several studies. However, the effects of CR on the central nervous system are still poorl y understood since most studies were carried out in mature animals. The present study aimed to investigate whether the age at onset of CR could differently affect the redox status of the rat hippocampus. METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats at 35 days old (35d;n= 16) and 65 days old (65d;n= 16) were fed ad libitum or subjected to 30 % CR (n= 8 group/age) for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized, blood was collected, and the hippocampus was dissected for measuring the redox status. RESULTS: CR in 35d and 65d rats induced a 16 and 21% reduction in body weight gain, respectively, compared to controls (p< 0.05). Urea, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol concentrations were lower in CR 35d rats than in 35d controls (p< 0.05). No differences were detected between the CR groups and controls in the object recognition test (p> 0.05) and in superoxide dismutase activity, nitric oxide content, and lipid peroxidation levels(p> 0.05). However, glutathione peroxidase activity was higher (p< 0.0001) in 65d rats compared to that in 35d rats, and GSH content was higher (p< 0.05) in CR-fed rats compared to that in controls at both ages. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, CR increased GSH content when started at both ages but did not affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of ROS in the hippocampus. In addition, CR did not induce any detrimental effects on memory and nutritional status when started in both 35d and 65d rats

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RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da vitamina C sobre níveis de peroxidação lipídica e glutationa reduzida em tecido hepático de camundongos imunossuprimidos por ciclofosfamida. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em camundongos Swiss, fêmeas, com 45 dias de idade, separados em quatro grupos com oito animais cada. Grupos: controle (água destilada), vitamina C (50 mg/kg), ciclofosfamida (100 + 150 mg/kg) e tratamento (vitamina C 50 mg/kg + ciclofosfamida 100 +150 mg/kg). Todas as aplicações foram via intraperitoneal. O ensaio biológico teve duração de seis dias, sendo o sétimo a eutanásia dos animais. As análises bioquímicas de peroxidação lipídica (quantificação de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico) e glutationa reduzida (estimativa de tiois não proteicos) foram realizadas em tecido hepático. Resultados: A ciclofosfamida causou aumento significativo (p<0,0001) nos níveis de peroxidação lipídica. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos grupos tratados com vitamina C. A ciclofosfamida por si só, não alterou níveis de glutationa reduzida. A vitamina C causou a redução do nível de glutationa reduzida em relação ao controle tanto nos animais que receberam ciclofosfamida quanto nos que não receberam. No entanto, nos grupos tratados com o quimioterápico houve uma interação entre a droga e a vitamina, ou seja, o quimioterápico intensificou a diminuição da glutationa reduzida provocada pela vitamina C. Conclusão: A ciclofosfamida, na dose e período utilizados, foi capaz de induzir o dano oxidativo verificado pelo aumento da peroxidação lipídica. A vitamina C, na dose de 50 mg/kg de peso, não apresentou potencial para proteger contra o dano oxidativo provocado pelo quimioterápico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the levels of lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione in the liver tissue of mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Methods: Thirty-two 45-day-old female Swiss mice were divided into four groups of eight animals each as follows: control (distilled water); vitamin C (50 mg/kg); cyclophosphamide (100 + 150 mg/kg); and treatment (vitamin C 50 mg/kg + cyclophosphamide 100 +150 mg/kg). The substances were provided intraperitoneally for six days, and on the seventh day, the mice were euthanized. The biochemical analyses of lipid peroxidation (quantification of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and reduced glutathione (estimate of non-protein thiols) were performed on liver tissue. Results: Cyclophosphamide increased the levels of lipid peroxidation (p<0.0001). Significant changes were not found in the groups treated with vitamin C. Cyclophosphamide alone did not affect the levels of reduced glutathione. Compared with the control group, vitamin C reduced the levels of reduced glutathione in animals that received or not cyclophosphamide. Vitamin C interacted with cyclophosphamide, that is, the chemotherapeutic agent further decreased the lower levels of reduced glutathione secondary to vitamin C intake. Conclusion: Cyclophosphamide, in the study dosage and duration, was capable of inducing oxidative damage, verified by increased lipid peroxidation. A vitamin C dosage of 50mg/kg of body weight did not protect against the oxidative damage caused by the chemotherapeutic agent.

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Introdução: O diagnóstico precoce de problemas nutricionais pode melhorar o prognóstico dos pacientes oncológicos. Objetivo: Identificar pela Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida Pelo Paciente (ASG-PPP), a necessidade de intervenção nutricional e seus fatores associados em pacientes prestes a iniciar quimioterapia. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com dados secundários. Todos os pacientes acima de 18 anos, que iniciaram quimioterapia no Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, entre maio de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, foram incluídos. Foi aplicada a todos os pacientes a ASG-PPP. As demais variáveis foram obtidas dos prontuários dos pacientes. Os dados foram digitados no programa Microsoft Excel 2007®. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa Stata® 11.2. Realizaram-se análises bivariadas por meio de testes qui-quadrado e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 40,4%; 46,8%; e 12,8 dos pacientes foram classificados como bem nutridos, moderadamente desnutridos e gravemente desnutridos, respectivamente. A maior pontuação da ASG-PPP associou-se com idade superior a 60 anos (p<0,001), doença em estadiamento III (p=0,030) e tumores de cabeça e pescoço, e pulmão (p=0,006). Pacientes idosos e com doença avançada apresentaram, respectivamente, 1,53 e 1,85 vezes mais necessidade crítica de intervenção nutricional quando comparados aos pacientes adultos e os com estadiamentos I e II. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes estava moderadamente ou gravemente desnutrida, com necessidade crítica de intervenção nutricional nos idosos, com estadiamento III e com tumores de cabeça e pescoço, e de pulmão. Apresentaram probabilidade maior de intervenção nutricional crítica os idosos e os com doença avançada.

Introduction: Early diagnosis and management of nutritional problems can improve the prognosis of cancer patients. Objective: Identify the need of nutritional intervention through Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment produced by patient (PG-SGA) and associated factors in patients in the beginning of chemotherapy. Methods: This cross sectional study used secondary data. It included patients over 18 years old that started chemotherapy treatment in the Chemotherapy Service of the Universidad Federal de Pelotas from May/2011 to December/2012. Variables were collected from PG-SGA and medical records. Data were plotted in Microsoft Excel 2007® and the statistical analyzes were performed in Stata® 11.2. Statistical tests applied were chi square test and Poisson regression, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: It was demonstrated that 40.4% of patient evaluated were classified as well nourished, 46.8% as having moderate malnourishment and 12.8% as having severe malnourishment. The highest PG-SGA scores were associated with being aged over 60 y (p<0.001), stage III (p=0.0030) and having head or neck and lung cancer (p=0.006). It was also observed that elderly patients and those whose cancer was at advanced stages presented a 1.53 and 1.85 fold higher probability, respectively, of needing nutritional intervention, compared to adult patients and those with stage I and II of the disease. Conclusion: The majority of patients had moderate or severe malnourishment, with critical need for nutritional intervention. Elderly patients, with stage III and with head, neck and lung cancer presented more probability of needing nutritional intervention.

Introducción: El diagnóstico precoz de los problemas de nutrición puede mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer. Objetivo: Identificar la Evaluación Subjetiva Global Producido por paciente (ASG-PPP), la necesidad de intervención nutricional y sus factores asociados en pacientes que van a comenzar la quimioterapia. Método: Estudio transversal con datos secundarios. Todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años que comenzaron la quimioterapia en el Hospital Escuela de la Universidad Federal de Pelotas, entre mayo/2011 a diciembre/2012 se incluyeron. Se aplicó a todos los pacientes ASG-PPP. Las otras variables se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas. Los datos fueron introducidos en el programa Microsoft Excel 2007®. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en 11,2 programa Stata®. Held, análisis bivariante mediante pruebas de chi-cuadrado y la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, adoptando un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: 40,4%, 46,8% y el 12,8 de los pacientes fueron clasificados como bien nutrido, moderadamente desnutridos y desnutrición severa, respectivamente. La puntuación más alta de ASG-PPP se asoció con edad mayor de 60 años (p<0,001) en la estadificación de la enfermedad III (p=0,030) y los tumores de cabeza y cuello, y pulmón (p=0,006). Los pacientes ancianos con enfermedad avanzada y presentado, respectivamente, 1,53 y 1,85 veces la necesidad más crítica para la intervención nutricional en comparación con pacientes adultos y aquellos con estadios I y II. Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes estaban moderada o severamente desnutridos, con necesidad crítica de intervención nutricional en pacientes de edad avanzada con tumores en estadio III y la cabeza y el cuello, y pulmón.

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O câncer de mama é o mais comum no sexo feminino e, no Sul, tem uma das taxas mais altas dos do país:afeta mais de 70 a cada 100.000 mulheres. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de vitaminas antioxidantes por mulheres comcâncer de mama em tratamento quimioterápico e verificar a necessidade de adequar o seu consumo. Método: Estudotransversal com pacientes com neoplasia mamária em quimioterapia no Setor de Oncologia do Hospital Escola daUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, atendidas no período de maio a dezembro de 2012. O consumo alimentar das pacientesfoi avaliado por Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. Resultados: A amostra foi formada por 23 mulheres, 78,3%adultas e 21,7% idosas. A média de idade foi de 56,91±12,25 anos. Aproximadamente 43% da amostra não atingiu ovalor recomendado de ingestão de Vitamina A, embora a mediana de consumo tenha sido maior que a recomendação.Em relação à Vitamina C, todas ultrapassaram o ideal, enquanto nenhuma consumiu quantidade mínima de vitaminaE. Conclusão: Observou-se que existe um consumo diminuído de vitamina E por todas as pacientes, e um númeroexpressivo de mulheres com baixo consumo de vitamina A, importantes antioxidantes da dieta que podem contribuirpara neutralizar o perfil pró-oxidativo da doença. Notou-se a necessidade de aconselhamento nutricional, a fim deadequar o consumo de vitaminas antioxidantes na dieta, com o intuito de auxiliar no tratamento e melhorar o estadonutricional dessas pacientes...

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Introdução: A dinamometria manual é um método de avaliação nutricional e marcador de prognóstico em pacientesoncológicos pré-cirúrgicos. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre dinamometria manual, perfil sociodemográfico eclínico, e desfecho da internação de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia em um hospital público do Sul do Brasil. Método:Estudo longitudinal observacional, realizado no Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, entre maio e novembro de 2013, com pacientes portadores de câncer submetidos à primeira cirurgia oncológica. O estado nutricionalfoi avaliado através do Índice de Massa Corporal e da Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Paciente, a força do aperto de mão foi aferida por meio de dinamometria manual e as complicações foram identificadas em prontuário dospacientes no decorrer da internação. Resultados: Foram avaliados 23 pacientes, sendo 52,2% do sexo masculino, com 47,8% da amostra apresentando câncer de cólon e reto. Foi encontrada associação entre a força do aperto de mão e o estado nutricional segundo Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Paciente conforme as categorias: bem nutrido, risco de desnutrição e desnutrição severa e pontuação obtida, assim como a Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Paciente associou-se com a localização tumoral. As complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 21,7% dos pacientes; porém sem associação estatística com a força do aperto de mão. Conclusão: A dinamometria manual associou-se com estado nutricional segundo Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Paciente, diminuindo conforme a sua piora; porém não esteve associada a complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação ou mortalidade nessa amostra

Introduction: The manual dynamometer is a method of nutritional assessment and prognostic marker in pre-surgicaloncological patients. Objectives: To assess the association between the manual dynamometer, sociodemographic andclinical profile and outcome of hospitalization on oncological patients undergoing surgery in a public hospital in thesouth of Brazil. Method: Longitudinal observation study made at the Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas withcancer patients which have undertaken their first oncological procedure along the months of May to November 2013.The patients’ nutritional status were evaluated through the Body Mass Index and the Patient Generated SubjectiveGlobal Assessment, the handgrip strength was measured through a manual dynamometer and the complicationswere identified on the patients’ medical records along the time they have been hospitalized. Results: 23 patientswere assessed, being 52,2% male and 47,8% of sample with anal and cervical cancer. It was found an associationbetween the handgrip strength and the nutritional status according Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessmentcategories: well-nourished risk of malnutrition, severe malnutrition, and score obtained as well as the Patient GeneratedSubjective Global Assessment was associated to the tumor location. The post-operative issues occurred on 21,7%patients, although with no statistical association to their handgrip strength. Conclusion: The manual dynamometerhave association to the nutritional status based on the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment, decreasingaccording it was grown worse, however it was not associated with post-operative issues, hospitalization period andmortality in the researched sample.

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Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is the principal brain water channel and is predominantly expressed in astrocytes suggesting its dynamic involvement in water homeostasis in brain tissue. Due to the co-localization of AQP-4 and inward rectifier K(+) channels Kir 4.1, a functional coupling between these proteins has been proposed. AQP-4 has a putative role in the physiopathology of brain disorders including epilepsy and trauma. S100B is a calcium-binding protein expressed and secreted by astrocytes, and commonly used as a parameter of astroglial activation. Here, we investigate a possible link between AQP-4 activity (and Kir 4.1) and S100B secretion in hippocampal slices of rats of different ages using non-specific inhibitors of AQP-4 (AZA, acetazolamide and TEA, tetraethylammonium) and Kir 4.1 (barium chloride). We found that blockade of AQP-4 with TEA and AZA produced an increase in S100B secretion in young rats, compatible with an astroglial activation observed in many conditions of brain injury. On the other hand, BaCl(2) induced Kir 4.1 inhibition caused a decrease in S100B secretion. Both channels, AQP-4 and Kir 4.1, exhibited a similar ontogenetic profile, in spite of the functional uncoupling, in relation to S100B secretion. Moreover, we found a significant increase in the S100B secretion basal levels with the increasing of animal age and the incubation with high levels of potassium resulted in a decrease of S100B secretion in 30 and 90-day old rats. These data, together with previous observations from gap junctions and glutamate transport of astrocytes, contribute to characterize the operational system involving astroglial activation, particularly on S100B secretion, in brain disorders.

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Many health claims have been made about the medicinal benefits of drinking green tea, including neuroprotection. This study mainly focuses on Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), a potent antioxidant, which is abundantly found in green tea. Cadmium [Cd(2+)] is a toxic pollutant that leads to neurotoxicity in both animals and humans. Although the entrance of Cd(2+) in the adult central nervous system is limited, developmental neurotoxicity has been evidenced as result of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) immaturity. Moreover, high Cd(2+) levels are known to impair BBB function. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms related to its neurotoxic properties remain unknown. This study evaluates the potential protective effect of the major green tea polyphenol, EGCG, against Cd(2+)-induced mitotoxicity under in vitro conditions, using mitochondrial-enriched fractions from rat brain. Co-incubation of EGCG with Cd(2+) prevented the Cd(2+)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (capacity to reduce MTT to formazan). In addition, EGCG completely prevented mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by Cd(2+) but did not affect non protein thiols levels. Spectroscopic studies have shown EGCG able to form a chemical complex with Cd(2+), in an equimolar ratio. In this study we demonstrate EGCG effectiveness in protecting against Cd(2+)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation probably due to its antioxidant and chelating effects.

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Recent studies indicate that caloric restriction (CR) protects the central nervous system from several pathological conditions. The impairment of astroglial cell function, including glutamate uptake, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and S100B secretion, may contribute to the progression of neurological disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate hippocampal astrocytic changes in response to CR diet, measuring astroglial parameters, such as glutamate uptake, GS activity and the immunocontent of GFAP and S100B. Blood biochemical parameters were also analyzed. Rats (60-day old) were fed ad libitum or on CR diets for 12 weeks. CR-fed rats showed approximately 16% less body weight gain than control rats. The CR diet was able to induce a significant increase in glutamate uptake (23%) and in GS activity (26%). There were no statistically significant differences in the immunocontent of either GFAP or S100B. In summary, the present study indicates that CR also modulates astrocyte functions by increasing glutamate uptake and GS activity, suggesting that CR might exert its neuroprotective effects against brain illness by modulation of astrocytic functions.

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We investigated the effect of the atypical neuroleptic risperidone on morphology and S100B secretion in C6 glioma cells, considering the putative involvement of astroglial cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. In the presence of high experimental doses of risperidone, C6 cells become stellate, with process-bearing cells and partial retraction of the cell body followed by detachment from the adhesion surface with practically no cell death. These results indicate that risperidone is able to interfere with C6 cell adhesion without toxic effects. RhoA activator LPA prevented the effects of risperidone on cell morphology. From 6 h risperidone induced a statistically significant increment of about 80% in S100B secretion. These data contribute to the proposal that glial cells are targets of risperidone, which could be involved in the therapeutic response of risperidone to improve autism symptoms.

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