RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and magnitude of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy among people with diabetes mellitus in Katsina State. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study of persons aged 50 years and over in Katsina State Nigeria based on the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness survey plus diabetic retinopathy methodology. The study was conducted in November and December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 2,653 of the 2,807 (94.5%) enrolled persons were examined. The unadjusted prevalence of diabetes was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.7-4.1) with females having higher risk of having diabetes than males (OR 1.04; (95% CI 1.00-1.07; P = .03). The age-sex adjusted magnitude of diabetes mellitus is 15,492 persons in the study population, but 60% of the people are unaware of their disease status. The proportion of people with diabetes mellitus and any retinopathy is 26.2% (95%CI: 14.4-31.6); 15.8% in males and 35.7% in females. The proportion of people with diabetes mellitus with any maculopathy is 12.5% (95% CI: 6.9 - 21.5). The proportion of people with diabetes mellitus having any retinopathy and/or maculopathy is 26.2% while that of a sight-threatening lesion is 7.5%. CONCLUSION: The burden of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in the population is lower than national average and elsewhere. However, there is still need to establish a simple cost-effective diabetic retinopathy service for the population as the burden of the problem will only increase with time.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatía Diabética , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Retinopatía Diabética/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Anteiso-fatty acids (aFA) with odd carbon number are a class of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) mainly produced by bacteria. Bacterial sources are also made responsible for their occurrence in the low percent-range in lipids of ruminants (meat and milk) and fish. aFAs are chiral molecules and typically occur predominantly in form of (S)-enantiomers, and their primary precursor has been noted to be isoleucine. Yet, low proportions of (R)-aFAs were also detected in fish and cheese samples. Here we investigated the potential formation of (R)-aFAs by means of incubation experiments with rumen fluid from fistulated cows. Supplementation of rumen fluid with both L- and DL-isoleucine, resulted in a significant (α <0.05) increase of the aFA concentrations but in both cases enantiopure (S)-aFAs were observed. By contrast, incubations without addition of any isoleucine lead to a significant (α <0.05) formation of small proportions of (R)-aFAs similarly to those previously observed in fish and cheese. These results were consistently reproduced in three different years with rumen fluid from different cows fed different diets. All findings point to the existence of a further biosynthesis pathway of aFAs with different stereospecificity than the classic one using isoleucine as primer.