RESUMEN
SUMMARY: Understanding species intraocular parameters using computed tomography (CT) scanning is initial and crucial step in ophthalmology. There is a lack of studies that have specialized in estimating the cattle and pig eyes using CT scans. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the anatomical and computed tomography features of cattle and pig eyes and its internal structures. Animal heads that not suffer from any diseases related to the eye were disarticulated. CT scan was performed. Moreover, 10 % fixed buffered formalin Specimens were used for the anatomical description of the eye and the optic nerve in particular. The values of length, width of the lens and globe, radio density of the optic nerve, lens, the anterior chamber, the vitreous chamber, and orbital dimensions were measured. Statistically, all parameters of cattle optic nerve increased significantly than that of the pig except for radiodensity, and angle of the optic nerve. Furthermore, all intraocular parameters of cattle increased significantly than that of the pig except the radiodensity of aqueous and vitreous humor. There was no significant difference between species in the opening angle of the orbit. This study's findings represent a first step toward developing CT reference values for cattle and pigs intraocular structural assessments.
Comprender los parámetros intraoculares de especies mediante la tomografía computarizada es un paso inicial y crítico en oftalmología. Faltan estudios enfocados en la estimación de ojos de bovinos y porcinos mediante tomografías computarizadas. Por tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características anatómicas y de tomografía computarizada de los bulbos oculares de bovinos y porcinos y sus estructuras internas. Se desarticularon cabezas de animales que no padecieran alguna enfermedad relacionada con el ojo. Se realizó una tomografía computarizada. Se fijaron las muestras en formalina tamponada al 10 % para la descripción anatómica del bulbo ocular y del nervio óptico en particular. Se midieron los valores de longitud del bulbo ocular, ancho del lente y la radio densidad del nervio óptico, lente, cámara anterior, cámara vítrea y dimensiones orbitarias. Estadísticamente, todos los parámetros del nervio óptico del ganado aumentaron significativamente con respecto al del cerdo, excepto la radio densidad y el ángulo del nervio óptico. Además, todos los parámetros intraoculares del ganado bovino aumentaron significativamente respecto a los del cerdo, excepto la radio densidad del humor acuoso y cuerpo vítreo. No hubo diferencia significativa entre especies en el ángulo de apertura de la órbita. Los hallazgos de este estudio representan un primer paso hacia el desarrollo de valores de referencia de tomografía computarizada para evaluaciones estructurales intraoculares de ganado vacuno y porcino.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Órbita/diagnóstico por imagen , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Bovinos/anatomía & histología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis Multicenter Study (BRAZPD) was launched in December 2004 aiming to collect data monthly and continuously from a representative cohort, allowing for a continuous snapshot of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) reality in the country. This is an observational study of PD patients comprising follow-up from December 2004 to February 2007 (mean follow-up of 13.6 months-ranging from 1 to 26 months) in 114 Brazilian centers. All centers report data through a central web-based database. After an initial baseline retrospective data collection, all patients are followed prospectively every month until they drop out from the PD program. Total number of patients recruited until February 2007 was 3226 (2094 incident patients). Mean age was 54+/-19 years (37% above 65 years old), with 55% females and 64% Caucasians. The more frequent causes of renal failure were diabetic nephropathy (34%), renal vascular disease associated with hypertension (26%), and glomerulopathies (13%). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (76%), diabetes (36%), and ischemic heart disease (23%). Automated PD (APD) was the modality utilized in 53%. The estimated overall peritonitis rate was 1 episode per 30 patient-months (most frequently due to Staphylococcus aureus). The total dropout rate was 33%, mainly due to deaths, whereas 20% of dropouts were due to renal transplant. The gross mortality was 17.6% and the main causes of mortality were cardiovascular diseases (40%) and infections (15%). The initial results of this first Brazilian PD registry provide a unique opportunity to develop future clinical studies addressing specific PD questions in the Brazilian reality and context.
Asunto(s)
Diálisis Peritoneal/métodos , Insuficiencia Renal/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Estudios de Cohortes , Escolaridad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estado Nutricional , Estudios Prospectivos , Calidad de Vida , Insuficiencia Renal/mortalidad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
A glucantime sensitive Leishmania (V.) guyanensis strain was used to obtain in vitro resistant cell lines, by increments in glucantime concentrations employing both one step and stepwise protocols. Whereas the effective concentration of drug that inhibited the growth of wild type cells by 50% (EC50 value) was 0.20 mg Sb(v)/mL, the resistant cells were able to grow in glucantime concentrations greater than 8.0 mg/mL. The resistant cell lines were partially characterized by their in vitro response to glucantime, the stability of resistance phenotype, cross resistance to a range of drugs, and also by the analysis of total DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases and blot hybridization. Amplified DNA sequence similar to a P-glycoprotein analog from Leishmania tarentolae (ltpgpA gene) was observed in all the resistant cell lines obtained through the one-step protocol. These cell lines showed cross resistance to heavy metals but were sensitive to puromycin, vinblastine, and pentostam.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Leishmania guyanensis/efectos de los fármacos , Meglumina/farmacología , Compuestos Organometálicos/farmacología , Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Animales , Antimonio/farmacología , Tartrato de Antimonio y Potasio/farmacología , Gluconato de Sodio Antimonio/farmacología , Arseniatos/farmacología , ADN Protozoario/análisis , ADN Protozoario/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos/genética , Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Dosificación de Gen , Genes Protozoarios , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania guyanensis/genética , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Óxidos/farmacología , Puromicina/farmacología , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Vinblastina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Estudou-se macroscópica e microscopicamente o útero de 168 vacas azebuadas, näo gestantes, procedentes de vários municípios do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Do total de animais estudados, 96 (57,1 por cento) apresentaram alteraçöes inflamatórias no útero, assim distribuídas: seis (3,6 por cento) referentes a metrite, 11 (6,5 por cento) a cervicite e 80 (47,6 por cento) a endometrite