RESUMEN
The chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a medium-speed four-stroke marine engine, operated on both heavy fuel oil (HFO) and distillate fuel (DF), was studied under various operating conditions. PM emission factors for organic matter, elemental carbon (soot), inorganic species and a variety of organic compounds were determined. In addition, the molecular composition of aromatic organic matter was analyzed using a novel coupling of a thermal-optical carbon analyzer with a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) mass spectrometer. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were predominantly present in an alkylated form, and the composition of the aromatic organic matter in emissions clearly resembled that of fuel. The emissions of species known to be hazardous to health (PAH, Oxy-PAH, N-PAH, transition metals) were significantly higher from HFO than from DF operation, at all engine loads. In contrast, DF usage generated higher elemental carbon emissions than HFO at typical load points (50% and 75%) for marine operation. Thus, according to this study, the sulfur emission regulations that force the usage of low-sulfur distillate fuels will also substantially decrease the emissions of currently unregulated hazardous species. However, the emissions of soot may even increase if the fuel injection system is optimized for HFO operation.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Material Particulado/análisis , Emisiones de Vehículos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Aceites Combustibles , Gases , Iones , Espectrometría de Masas , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , HollínRESUMEN
Daily PM10 samples were collected during a one-month sampling campaign from February 13 to March 12, 2008 at eight different sampling sites in Augsburg, Southern Germany. Source apportionment was performed to identify the main sources and related contributions by analysis of organic and inorganic tracers. Nine factors were separated comprising: solid fuel combustion, traffic-related emissions, secondary inorganics, and mixed sources. Spatiotemporal variation of the source contributions was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of divergence (COD). All factors (except hopanes and mixed sources) showed moderate to high (0.6
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Material Particulado/análisis , Estaciones del Año , AlemaniaRESUMEN
Within the Munich low emission zone (LEZ), samples of PM(2.5) were collected before (2006/2007) and after (2009/2010) the implementation of the LEZ. The samples were analyzed for carbon fraction (EC/OC) and particulate organic compounds (POC). Significant lower concentrations were noticed for elemental carbon (EC) and some of the POC like vanillic acid, acetosyringone, syringylacetone and syringic acid after the implementation of the LEZ. Higher concentrations of levoglucosan, retene and O-PAH were detected in the second sampling period. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the main sources of POC. Emissions from traffic, solid fuels combustion, cooking and mixed source were separated. The contribution of traffic source factor was decreased about 60% after the implementation of the LEZ. Thus the average concentration of EC from traffic factor decreased from 1.1 to 0.5 µg/m(3) after the implementation of the LEZ.