RESUMEN
Liver fibrosis is considered an epidemic health problem due to different insults that lead to death. Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is one of the newer anti-diabetic drugs used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DAPA exerted beneficial effects in many human and rat models due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities. AIM: Due to previously reported capabilities related to DAPA, we designed this study to clarify the beneficial role of DAPA in liver fibrosis triggered by common bile duct ligation (CBL) in male rats. METHODS: For 14 or 28 days after CBL procedures, DAPA was administered to the rats orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg once daily. The effects of DAPA were evaluated by assaying liver enzymes, hepatic oxidant/antioxidant parameters, serum levels of tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In addition, we measured the hepatic expression of fibrosis regulator-related genes along with evaluating liver histological changes. KEY FINDINGS: DAPA successfully decreased hepatic enzymes and malondialdehyde levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, elevated catalase levels, decreased serum levels of TNF-α, elevated serum levels of AMPK, decreased liver hydroxyproline content, upregulated Sirt1/PGC1α/FoxO1 liver gene expressions, down-regulated fibronectin-1 (Fn-1), collagen-1 genes in liver tissues, and improved the damaged liver tissues. Deteriorated biochemical parameters and histological liver insults associated with CBL were more pronounced after 28 days, but DAPA administration for 14 and 28 days showed significant improvement in most parameters and reflected positively in the histological structures of the liver. SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of this study lies in the observation that DAPA mitigated CBL-induced liver fibrosis in rats, most likely due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects. These results suggest that DAPA's beneficial impact on liver fibrosis might be attributed to its interaction with the Sirt1/AMPK/PGC1α/FoxO1 pathway, indicating a potential mechanistic action for future exploration.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Conducto Colédoco , Glucósidos , Cirrosis Hepática , Hígado , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma , Sirtuina 1 , Animales , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Masculino , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/metabolismo , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/genética , Glucósidos/farmacología , Glucósidos/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Ligadura , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/farmacología , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Ratas , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Hígado/metabolismo , Conducto Colédoco/cirugía , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/farmacología , Antifibróticos/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Proteína Forkhead Box O1RESUMEN
Disrupted spermatogenesis and testicular injury are among the devastating outcomes of methotrexate. A major contributor to methotrexate-induced testiculopathy is oxidative damage which triggers apoptosis and altered autophagy responses. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) is an antihyperlipidemic derivative of omega-3 fatty acids that exhibited affinity to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) that possesses both antioxidant and autophagy modulating properties. This is an exploratory study aiming at assessing the effectiveness of EPA-E to alleviate testicular damage induced by methotrexate. The specific exploratory hypothesis of this experiment is: EPA-E administration for 1 week to methotrexate-treated rats reduces testicular damage compared to control rats. As a secondary outcome, we were interested in identifying the implicated mechanism that mediates the action of EPA-E. In adult male Wistar rats, testiculopathy was achieved by a single methotrexate injection (20 mg/kg, ip). Rats received vehicle, EPA-E (0.3 g/kg/day, po) alone or with selective PPAR-γ antagonist (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, BADGE) at 30 mg/kg/day, ip for 1 week. EPA-E recuperated methotrexate-attenuated serum total testosterone while reduced testicular inflammation and oxidative stress, restoring superoxide dismutase (SOD) while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Methotrexate-induced testicular apoptosis (caspase-3 and p53) was suppressed upon EPA-E treatment. Besides, EPA-E curbed methotrexate-induced abnormal autophagy by downregulating LC3A/B and beclin-1. Interestingly, BADGE-coadministration reversed EPA-E beneficial actions. Collectively, our findings suggest PPAR-γ role in EPA-E-mediated mitigation of methotrexate-evoked testiculopathy via suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, as well as abnormal autophagy. Furthermore, EPA-E could be used as a preventive therapy for some testiculopathies mediated by oxidative stress.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , Metotrexato , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Metotrexato/toxicidad , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacología , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/uso terapéutico , Ratas Wistar , Receptores Activados del Proliferador del Peroxisoma/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
Obesity is a key risk factor for many diseases, as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, infertility, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as increased risk for many cancers. Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil are angiotensin II receptor blockers which had proven to involve in pathogenesis of obesity and NAFLD. AIMS: This work is designed to explore the possible mitigated effects of Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil on weight gain and fatty liver in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. MAIN METHODS: The HFD rat model was achieved with induction of NAFLD. For Seven weeks either telmisartan or candesartan were orally administered at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively once daily. The effects of both drugs were evaluated by measurements of rat's body weight, food intakes, length, body mass index (BMI), liver weight, inguinal and interscapular fat weights. In addition, we assayed lipid profile, liver functions tests, serum inflammatory cytokines, adipokine and leptin. Lastly, liver and adipose tissue histopathological structures were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: at end of experiment, telmisartan and candesartan were highly effective in decreasing rat's body weight from (213.1±2.68 to 191.2±2.54 and 203.5±5.89 gm , respectively), BMI, liver weight, fat weights in addition reduced serum levels of lipid and liver enzymes. Also, inflammatory cytokines were reduced with repaired histopathological insults in liver by significantly damped NAFLD score from (6.5 ±0.17 to 1±0 and 4 ±0, respectively) and decreased areas of adipocytes from (21239.12 to 5355.7 and 11607.1 um2 , respectively). SIGNIFICANCE: Telmisartan and candesartan have therapeutic potential against obesity and NAFLD induced by HFD in rats. All the previous indices showed more improvement in telmisartan than candesartan group.
Asunto(s)
Bencimidazoles , Compuestos de Bifenilo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Tetrazoles , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Telmisartán/farmacología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Hígado , Obesidad , Tejido Adiposo Blanco , Lípidos , CitocinasRESUMEN
5-androstenediol (ADIOL) functions as a selective estrogen receptor ß (ERß) ligand with a protective effect against many diseases. So, we conducted a novel insight into its role in acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis and investigated its effect on TLR4-Mediated PI3K/Akt and NF-κB Pathways and the potential role of ERß as contributing mechanisms. METHODS: Rats were randomized into 5 Groups; Control, Colitis, Colitis + mesalazine (MLZ), Colitis + ADIOL, and Colitis + ADIOL + PHTPP (ER-ß antagonist). The colitis was induced through a rectal enema of acetic acid (AA) on the 8th day. At the end of treatment, colons were collected for macroscopic assessment. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB), toll-like receptor (TLR4), and phosphorylated Protein kinase B (pAKT) were measured. Besides, Gene expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), metalloproteases 9 (Mmp9), inositol 3 phosphate kinase (PI3K), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), ERß and NLRP6 were assessed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were also investigated. RESULTS: Compared to the untreated AA group, the disease activity index (DAI) and macroscopic assessment indicators significantly decreased with ADIOL injections. Indeed, ADIOL significantly decreased colonic tissue levels of MDA, TLR4, pAKT, and NF-κB immunostainig while increased SOD activity and ß catenin immunostainig. ADIOL mitigated the high genetic expressions of IL1ß, NGAL, MMP9, and PI3K while increased ERß and NLRP6 gene expression. Also, the pathological changes detected in AA groups were markedly ameliorated with ADIOL. The specific ERß antagonist, PHTPP, largely diminished these protective effects of ADIOL. CONCLUSION: ADIOL could be beneficial against AA-induced colitis mostly through activating ERß.
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Colitis , FN-kappa B , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Lipocalina 2 , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Ácido Acético/efectos adversos , Androstenodiol/efectos adversos , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most widely studied interstitial lung disease. IPF eventually leads to respiratory insufficiency, lung cancer, and death. Carvedilol (CAR) is a third-generation ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist with an α1-blocking effect. CAR demonstrates antifibrotic activities in various experimental models of organ fibrosis. AIMS: This work is designed to explore the possible alleviating effects of CAR on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats. MAIN METHODS: The BLM rat model of lung fibrosis was achieved by intratracheal delivery of a single dose of 5 mg/kg of BLM. Seven days following BLM injection, either prednisolone or CAR was orally administered at doses of 10 mg/kg once daily for 21 days to the rats. The actions of CAR were evaluated by lung oxidant/antioxidant parameters, protein concentration and total leucocyte count (TLC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), fibrosis regulator-related genes along with the coexistent lung histological changes. KEY FINDINGS: CAR effectively decreased lung malondialdehyde level, increased superoxide dismutase activity, declined both protein concentration and TLC in BALF, downregulated TGF-ß1/α-SMA/Smad2/3 and STAT3 gene expressions, and repaired the damaged lung tissues. SIGNIFICANCE: CAR conferred therapeutic potential against BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats, at least in part, to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities. CAR could be utilized as a prospective therapeutic option in patients with lung fibrosis in clinical practice.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta , Carvedilol , Reposicionamiento de Medicamentos , Expresión Génica , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática , Bleomicina , Carvedilol/farmacología , Carvedilol/uso terapéutico , Animales , Ratas , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/tratamiento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/uso terapéutico , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Proteína Smad2/genética , Proteína smad3/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genética , Actinas/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a global inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to assess the effects of icosapent ethyl on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. 36 male Wister rats were equally divided into six groups: control, UC, mesalamine 100 mg/kg, icosapent 150mg/kg, icosapent 300 mg/kg, and EX527-icosapent 300 mg/kg groups. Except for control group, UC was induced by acetic acid instillation into colon. Drugs were administered once daily for one week then under thiopental anaesthesia, colons were excised. Colitis macroscopic and microscopic scores were assessed. A part of colon was homogenized for detection of malondialdehyde (MDA), inerleukin1 (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and caspase 3 levels. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expressions were detected. Mallory-stained colonic sections were examined for collagen fibres detection. Immunohistochemistry of NF-κB and p53 expressionsin colonic sections were assessed. Acetic acid induced colitis with increments in MDA, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and caspase 3 levels while decreased SOD, pAkt, SIRT1, HO-1, and Nrf2 with increased collagen fibres as well as NF-κB and p53. Icosapent decreased macro& microscopic colitis scores, MDA, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and caspase 3 levels while increased SOD, pAkt, SIRT1, HO-1, and Nrf2 with decreased collagen fibres as well as NF-κB and p53. The effects of icosapent 300 mg/kg were similar to mesalamine. Icosapent effects were antagonized by EX527. Icosapent alleviated acetic acid-induced colitis via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects mediated in part by SIRT1 pathway activation.
Asunto(s)
Colitis Ulcerosa , Colitis , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Colitis Ulcerosa/inducido químicamente , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis Ulcerosa/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/efectos adversos , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Mesalamina/efectos adversos , Mesalamina/metabolismo , Ácido Acético/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Transducción de Señal , Colon/patología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Neurosteroid, 5-androstenediol (ADIOL) had been experimentally applied to protect against many diseases as it had anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. In our study, we investigate its role in abdominal postoperative adhesion (APA) formations. Our results demonstrate that ADIOL alleviates APA formation after induction by cecal abrasion (CA) model in the male rat. Interestingly, per administration of ADIOL before APA induction leads to inhibit oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreasing Malondialdehyde (MAD) levels to a similar level to the sham group, in addition inhibiting inflammatory pathway by decreasing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), and High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) to a similar level to the sham group, furthermore decreasing Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) and alpha Smooth muscle -actin (α SMA) levels to similar levels in the sham group. While administration of ADIOL after APA induction lead to decrease adhesions formation by decreasing oxidative stress (↓MDA and ↑SOD levels), inflammatory markers (↓TLR4, ↓NFκB, and ↓HMGB1levels), and collagen deposition by (↓TGF1 ß and↓α SMA levels) is the highly significant manner to those levels in CA model but also significant to those levels in the sham group. Concluded that, pre-administration of ADIOL before APA induction was more effective than its administration after adhesions formations.
Asunto(s)
Androstenodiol , Proteína HMGB1 , Actinas , Androstenodiol/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Masculino , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratas , Adherencias Tisulares/tratamiento farmacológico , Adherencias Tisulares/prevención & control , Receptor Toll-Like 4RESUMEN
Many xenobiotics are known to cause hepatic damage with subsequent significant morbidity and mortality. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent. DOX is reported to cause hepatocellular damage. Previous studies verified the promising role of many natural antioxidant products against various models of hepatic dysfunction. We conducted this study to evaluate the possible hepatoprotective effect of silymarin (SILY) and/or chlorogenic acid (CGA) in a rat model of DOX-induced hepatotoxicity. For this purpose, we randomly divided 30 adult male rats into five equal groups as control, DOX, co-treated DOX with SILY, co-treated DOX with GCA and co-treated DOX with SILY and CGA groups. All treatments were administered every second day for 4 weeks. Our results showed that simultaneous SILY and CGA administration caused a significant decrease in hepatic apoptosis biomarkers (hepatic caspase-3 and nuclear factor-κB levels), a significant improvement in hepatic oxidant/antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) and significant decrease in hepatic pro-inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interlukin-1ß) compared with DOX treatment. We concluded that adding CGA to SILY acts as a hepatoprotective agent against DOX-induced liver injury through inhibiting apoptosis biomarkers, maintaining antioxidant enzyme levels, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as regulating liver adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling.
RESUMEN
Many adipocytokines correlate with obesity and insulin resistance. We examined the effects of metformin, sitagliptin, and liraglutide in diabetic rats. Group 1: control normal (CN) rats received oral saline daily. Group 2: diabetic non-treated (DNT) rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to get diabetic then after 72 h received oral saline daily. Group 3: rats were injected with STZ then after 72 h were treated with metformin (200 mg/kg) orally. Group 4: rats were injected with STZ then after 72 h received sitagliptin 6 mg/kg orally twice daily. Group 5: rats were injected with STZ then after 72 h were treated with liraglutide at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg every 12 h subcutaneous injection. After 8 weeks, body mass, fasting blood glucose, adipocytokines, and lipid profile were assessed. From the results, we concluded that the 3 drugs improved blood glucose and insulin resistance with correction of adipocytokines serum levels; however, the liraglutide-treated group was the only group that showed significant body mass reduction.
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Adipoquinas/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Liraglutida/farmacología , Metformina/farmacología , Proteínas de Unión al Retinol/metabolismo , Fosfato de Sitagliptina/farmacología , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Estreptozocina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global healthcare problem; however until now, there is no effective treatment that can stop its progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2I) in a model of unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) in rats, as a model of progressive renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo and the possibility of inclusion of klotho protein. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: group 1: control group, group 2: UUO untreated group, group 3: prophylactic SGLT2I treatment before UUO, group 4: immediate SGLT2I treatment after UUO, and group 5: delayed SGLT2I treatment (this group received distilled water 1 week after UUO then empagliflozin for 2 weeks). At the end of the experiment period, animals were sacrificed, and kidney fibrotic and inflammatory parameters were measured. Also kidney sections were examined histopathologically for CTGF expression. UUO resulted in renal dysfunction and fibrosis through upregulating inflammatory cascade (NF-κB-TLR4) as well as many fibrotic pathways (as TGF-ß1, αSMA, Wnt, CTGF, and fibronectin) with significant reduction in the klotho protein expression. We hypothesized that both prophylactic and immediate treatment with empagliflozin after UUO in rats exert more renoprotective effect in comparison with delayed treatment via enhancement of renal klotho expression and activity, for further investigations.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Bencidrilo/uso terapéutico , Glucósidos/uso terapéutico , Glucuronidasa/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/uso terapéutico , Animales , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/farmacología , Fibrosis , Glucósidos/farmacología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Enfermedades Renales/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/patología , Proteínas Klotho , Masculino , Ratas Wistar , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/farmacología , Obstrucción Ureteral/tratamiento farmacológico , Obstrucción Ureteral/metabolismo , Obstrucción Ureteral/patologíaRESUMEN
In this study, we tried to demonstrate the effects of adding human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) to carvedilol in improving the doxorubicin- induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: group 1: control group, group 2: doxorubicin untreated group, group 3: rats injected with doxorubicin and received carvedilol, and group 4: rats injected with doxorubicin and received carvedilol and stem cell-treated. Electrocardiography (ECG) was performed to assess cardiac function after animals were sacrificed. Cardiac muscle sections were examined histologically using H&E, Masson trichrome and immunohistochemically using caspase 3 immunostaining. The morphometric and statistical analysis was performed. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured. We concluded that combination of hUCB-MSCs and carvedilol markedly improves histological and immunohistochemical structure of cardiac muscle fibers and restores cardiac function in doxorubicin- induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
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Carbazoles/farmacología , Cardiotoxicidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Sangre Fetal/efectos de los fármacos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Propanolaminas/farmacología , Animales , Cardiotoxicidad/metabolismo , Carvedilol , Sangre Fetal/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Miocardio/metabolismo , Ratas , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity constitutes the major adverse effect that limited its use. We investigated the possible protective effects of liraglutide on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into the following groups: control group rats received normal saline [1 ml/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)]; doxorubicin group rats received doxorubicin (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.), four times per week for 4 weeks; and liraglutide group rats received doxorubicin (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) four times per week for 4 weeks then received liraglutide (100 µg/kg, i.p) daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed and serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin I levels were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and caspase-3 levels of the heart were determined. Cardiac AMPK, phosphorylated-Akt, tissue growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), and GSK3-ß levels of the heart were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections form the heart were examined as well as immunohistochemical sections for detection of Bcl-2 expression. Dox treatment increased serum level of troponin I and CK-MB while decreased SOD activity, decreased AMPK, and p-Akt cardiac levels with increased in MDA, IL-6, TNF-α,GSK-3b, TGFB1, and caspase-3 levels in the heart with inflammation and necrosis in cardiac histopathology with decreased Bcl-2. Treatment with liraglutide decreased troponin I and CK-MB while increased SOD activity, AMPK, p-Akt with decrements in MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, GSK-3ß, TGF-ß1, and caspase-3 levels with attenuation of inflammation and necrosis while increased Bcl-2 expression. Liraglutide may thus represent a new clinical tool for the treatment of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Cardiotónicos , Cardiotoxicidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Liraglutida , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Animales , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/uso terapéutico , Cardiotoxicidad/metabolismo , Forma MB de la Creatina-Quinasa/sangre , Doxorrubicina , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Liraglutida/farmacología , Liraglutida/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Miocardio/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Troponina I/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury constitutes the most important cause of primary dysfunction of liver grafts. In this study, we have addressed the possible hepatoprotective action of liraglutide against partial warm hepatic IR injury in male rats. Rats were randomly assigned into: sham, IR, and liraglutide-pretreated IR groups. Liraglutide was administered 50 µg/kg s.c. twice daily for 14 days, and then, hepatic IR was induced by clamping portal vein and hepatic artery to left and median lobes for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), phosphoralated Akt (p-Akt), and caspase-3 levels of the liver were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections from liver were examined as well as immunohistochemical sections for detection of Bcl-2 expression. IR injury increased ALT, AST, and GGT while decreased GSH and p-Akt with increase in MDA, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels in the liver with necrosis and inflammatory cellular infiltration with decreased Bcl-2 expression. Pretreatment with liraglutide decreased ALT, AST, and GGT activities while increased glutathione content and Akt activation with decrements in MDA, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels with attenuation of necrosis and inflammation while enhanced Bcl-2 expression in the liver. Liraglutide protects against IR injury of the liver through antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions as well as inhibition of apoptosis.