RESUMEN
Intratumoral similarities and differences between large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) and small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) are determined partially by the Notch signaling pathway, which controls the switch from neuroendocrine to slight/non-neuroendocrine cell fate. LCNECs are divided into two subgroups according to genomic alterations: type I LCNECs exhibit a neuroendocrine profile characterized by achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1)high/delta-like protein 3 (DLL3)high/NOTCHlow and type II LCNECs show the pattern ASCL1low/DLL3low/NOTCHhigh. Here, we used immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and digital analysis to examine the role of the Notch ligand DLL3 as an immunomarker of the neuroendocrine state and ASCL1 as a regulator of cell-cell interactions in SCLCs and LCNECs. High DLL3 and ASCL1 expression was associated with atypical submicroscopic characteristics involving nuclear size, chromatin arrangement, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, and was characteristic of type I LCNECs with similarity to SCLCs, whereas low DLL3 and ASCL1 expression was found in both SCLCs and type II LCNECs. In patients diagnosed at an early stage who did not have metastasis and who underwent chemotherapy, DLL3high and ASCL1high SCLCs and type I LCNECs were associated with a better prognosis and a lower risk of death. The present findings suggested that DLL3/ASCL1 are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators in patients with SCLCs or LCNECs.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Neuroendocrino , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Proteínas Oncogénicas , Pulmón/patología , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización IntracelularRESUMEN
Nuclear proliferation marker MIB-1 (Ki-67) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to examine tumor cell proliferation. However, the diagnostic or prognostic value of the Ki-67 nuclear staining intensity and location, defined as nuclear gradient (NG), has not been assessed. This study examined the potential association between Ki-67 NG and cell cycle phases and its effect on the prognosis of pulmonary typical carcinoid (PTC) tumors. We propose a method for classifying the NG of Ki-67 during the cell cycle and compare the results between PTC, pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAD), and breast ductal carcinoma (BDC). A literature review and objective analysis of IHC-stained paraffin sections were used to determine the Ki-67 labeling index and composed a stratification of the NG into NG1, NG2, and NG3/4 categories. A semi-automated image analysis protocol was established to determine the Ki-67 NG in PTC, PAD, and BDC. High intraobserver consistency and moderate interobserver agreement were achieved in the determination of Ki-67 NG in tumor specimens. NG1 and NG2 were lower in PTC than in PAD and BDC. Cox multivariate analysis of PTC after adjusting for age and number of metastatic lymph nodes showed that Ki-67 NG1 and NG2 significantly predicted clinical outcomes. The semi-automated method for quantification of Ki-67 nuclear immunostaining proposed in this study could become a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool in PTC.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno Ki-67 , Inmunohistoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismoRESUMEN
TP53 mutations are frequent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have been associated with poor outcome. The prognostic and predictive relevance of EGFR/TP53 co-mutations in NSCLC is controversial. We analyzed lung tissue specimens from 70 patients with NSCLC using next-generation sequencing to determine EGFR and TP53 status and the association between these status with baseline patient and tumor characteristics, adjuvant treatments, relapse, and progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after surgical resection. We found the EGFR mutation in 32.9% of patients (20% classical mutations and 12.9% uncommon mutations). TP53 missense mutations occurred in 25.7% and TP53/EGFR co-mutations occurred in 43.5% of patients. Stage after surgical resection was significantly associated with OS (P=0.028). We identified an association between progression-free survival and poor outcome in patients with distant metastases (P=0.007). We found a marginally significant difference in OS between genders (P=0.057) and between mutant and wild type TP53 (P=0.079). In univariate analysis, distant metastases (P=0.027), pathological stage (IIIA-IIIB vs I-II; P=0.028), and TP53 status (borderline significance between wild type and mutant; P=0.079) influenced OS. In multivariable analysis, a significant model for high risk of death and poor OS (P=0.029) selected patients in stage IIIA-IIIB, with relapse and distant metastases, non-responsive to platin-based chemotherapy and erlotinib, with tumors harboring EGFR uncommon mutations, with TP53 mutant, and with EGFR/TP53 co-mutations. Our study suggested that TP53 mutation tends to confer poor survival and a potentially negative predictive effect associated with a non-response to platinum-based chemotherapy and erlotinib in early-stage resected EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/cirugía , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirugía , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Mutación , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
The common epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, such as the L858R point mutation in exon 21 and the in-frame deletional mutation in exon 19, have been definitively associated with response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI). However, the clinical outcome and response to treatment for many other rarer mutations are still unclear. In this study, we report the results of Brazilian patients in stage IB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following complete resection with minimal residual disease and EGFR mutations treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or EGFR-TKIs. The frequency of EGFR mutations was investigated in 70 cases of early stage NSCLC. Mutations in exons 18 and 20, uncommon mutations in exons 19 and 21, as well as in exons 3, 7, 14, 16, 22, 27, and 28, and/or the presence of different mutations in a single tumor (complex mutations) are considered rare. EGFR mutations were detected in 23 tumors (32.9%). Fourteen cases carried rare mutations and were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and two cases were treated with erlotinib. The clinical outcome is described case by case with references to the literature. Notably, we found two rare EGFR mutations and one of them with an unknown response to chemotherapy and/or EGFR-TKIs. We have provided complementary information concerning the clinical outcome and treatment of patients with early stage NSCLC for several rare EGFR mutations not previously or only rarely reported. Description of cases harboring rare mutations can support the decision-making process in this subset of patients.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Brasil , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Mutación/genética , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/uso terapéutico , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Because the superficial lymphatics in the lungs are distributed in the subpleural, interlobular and peribroncovascular interstitium, lymphatic impairment may occur in the lungs of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) and increase their severity. We investigated the distribution of lymphatics in different remodeling stages of IIPs by immunohistochemistry using the D2-40 antibody. Pulmonary tissue was obtained from 69 patients with acute interstitial pneumonia/diffuse alveolar damage (AIP/DAD, N = 24), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia/organizing pneumonia (COP/OP, N = 6), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP/NSIP, N = 20), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia (IPF/UIP, N = 19). D2-40+ lymphatic in the lesions was quantitatively determined and associated with remodeling stage score. We observed an increase in the D2-40+ percent from DAD (6.66 ± 1.11) to UIP (23.45 ± 5.24, P = 0.008) with the advanced process of remodeling stage of the lesions. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a better survival for patients with higher lymphatic D2-40+ expression than 9.3%. Lymphatic impairment occurs in the lungs of IIPs and its severity increases according to remodeling stage. The results suggest that disruption of the superficial lymphatics may impair alveolar clearance, delay organ repair and cause severe disease progress mainly in patients with AIP/DAD. Therefore, lymphatic distribution may serve as a surrogate marker for the identification of patients at greatest risk for death due to IIPs.
Asunto(s)
Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/patología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/patología , Vasos Linfáticos/patología , Alveolos Pulmonares/patología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Anciano , Remodelación de las Vías Aéreas (Respiratorias) , Neumonía en Organización Criptogénica/mortalidad , Neumonía en Organización Criptogénica/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/mortalidad , Inmunohistoquímica , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/mortalidad , Linfangiogénesis/fisiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Malignancy of pulmonary large cell carcinomas (LCC) increases from classic LCC through LCC with neuroendocrine morphology (LCCNM) to large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC). However, the histological classification has sometimes proved to be difficult. Because the malignancy of LCC is highly dependent on proteins with functions in the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis, p53 has been targeted as a potentially useful biological marker. p53 mutations in lung cancers have been shown to result in expression and protein expression also occurs in the absence of mutations. To validate the importance of both p53 protein expression (by immunostaining) and p53 gene mutations in lung LCC (by PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of exons 5, 6, 7, and 8) and to study their relationships with clinical factors and sub-classification we investigated the correlation of p53 abnormalities in 15 patients with LCC (5 classic LCC, 5 LCNEC, and 5 LCCNM) who had undergone resection with curative intent. Of these patients, 5/15 expressed p53 and none had mutant p53 sequences. There was a negative survival correlation with positive p53 immunostaining (P = 0.05). After adjustment for stage, age, gender, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and histological subtypes by multivariate analysis, p53 expression had an independent impact on survival. The present study indicates that p53 assessment may provide an objective marker for the prognosis of LCC irrespective of morphological variants and suggests that p53 expression is important for outcome prediction in patients with the early stages of LCC. The results reported here should be considered to be initial results because tumors from only 15 patients were studied: 5 each from LCC, LCNEC and LCCNM. This was due to the rarity of these specific diseases.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Grandes/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/genética , Genes p53/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutación/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/mortalidad , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/cirugía , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/mortalidad , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/cirugía , ADN de Neoplasias/análisis , Exones , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-Simple , Pronóstico , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Malignancy of pulmonary large cell carcinomas (LCC) increases from classic LCC through LCC with neuroendocrine morphology (LCCNM) to large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC). However, the histological classification has sometimes proved to be difficult. Because the malignancy of LCC is highly dependent on proteins with functions in the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis, p53 has been targeted as a potentially useful biological marker. p53 mutations in lung cancers have been shown to result in expression and protein expression also occurs in the absence of mutations. To validate the importance of both p53 protein expression (by immunostaining) and p53 gene mutations in lung LCC (by PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of exons 5, 6, 7, and 8) and to study their relationships with clinical factors and sub-classification we investigated the correlation of p53 abnormalities in 15 patients with LCC (5 classic LCC, 5 LCNEC, and 5 LCCNM) who had undergone resection with curative intent. Of these patients, 5/15 expressed p53 and none had mutant p53 sequences. There was a negative survival correlation with positive p53 immunostaining (P = 0.05). After adjustment for stage, age, gender, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and histological subtypes by multivariate analysis, p53 expression had an independent impact on survival. The present study indicates that p53 assessment may provide an objective marker for the prognosis of LCC irrespective of morphological variants and suggests that p53 expression is important for outcome prediction in patients with the early stages of LCC. The results reported here should be considered to be initial results because tumors from only 15 patients were studied: 5 each from LCC, LCNEC and LCCNM. This was due to the rarity of these specific diseases.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/genética , /genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutación/genética , /metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/mortalidad , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/cirugía , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/mortalidad , Carcinoma Neuroendocrino/cirugía , ADN de Neoplasias/análisis , Exones , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirugía , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-Simple , Pronóstico , Análisis de Supervivencia , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/secundario , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
A case of anuric acute renal failure due to bilateral renal artery obstruction in a 42 year-old man is presented. The obstruction was caused by bilateral thrombosis secondary to arteritis. Autopsy showed granulomatous and necrotizing vasculitis in both main renal arteries. Scarring and also necrotizing vasculitis were found from interlobular to arcuate renal arteries. The present case indicates that vasculitis should be considered when there is renal artery obstruction in young patients.