RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The relationship of Common peroneal nerve (CPN) to the posterolateral corner of the knee joint is important for surgeons who perform total knee arthroplasty to avoid injury to the nerve during surgery. This relationship varies among different races on account of anthropometry. This study aims to evaluate the anatomical location of this nerve in Indian patients using an MRI based reference system. METHODS: 213 knee magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were evaluated in axial plane 8â¯mm below the joint line for distance of the CPN from the closest posterolateral capsule. The angle of the CPN from the center of the tibial anteroposterior axis and relation of CPN with respect to the popliteus were evaluated. A comparative analysis of these measurements among Caucasian, Chinese and Indian patients was made to evaluate for any differences. RESULTS: The mean distance between the CPN and the knee capsule was 15.55â¯mm (range, 7.8-26.2â¯mm). The mean angle of the CPN from the center of the AP axis was 50.1° (range, 38-63). CPN was found to be in line with the popliteus from center of the knee in 62% cases. There was no significant difference among the different races among the measured parameters (pâ¯>â¯0.005). CONCLUSION: This study establishes a "danger zone" and a "safe zone" to avoid CPN injury in total knee arthroplasty in Indian patients and identifies anatomic landmarks to localize the nerve before the soft-tissues release in order to avoid direct injury.
RESUMEN
Cancer therapeutics development has been a challenge due to their untoward side effects and cytotoxicity. Phytochemical anti-cancer drugs have several advantages over chemical chemotherapeutic drugs as they are less cytotoxic and have a greater pharmacological advantage. However, lack of targeting ability limits the use of phytochemicals at a great extent for a successful therapeutic strategy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have long been used to load the therapeutic cargo and provided significant advantages over conventional chemo-therapeutics. In this present study, we report the synthesis and testing of various biosynthesized AuNPs (b-AuNPs) using naturally derived phytochemicals (Curcumin: Cur, Turmeric: Tur, Quercetin: Qu and Paclitaxel: Pacli). The synthesized b-AuNPs have been well characterized by different Physicochemical techniques. Cytotoxic potential of these b-AuNPs were evaluated in different breast cancer cells either in an individual or in a combination forms. We have observed the maximum therapeutic activity in a combination of all four types of b-AuNPs (AuNPs-Cur, AuNPs-Tur, AuNPs-Qu and AuNPs-Pacli) as compared to their pristine administration. Further, mechanistic studies of these compounds revealed that, combinations of AuNPs-Cur, AuNPs-Tur, AuNPs-Qu and AuNPs-Pacli were significantly effective in inhibiting cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, colony formation and spheroid formation predicting a synergistic effect when compared to individual treatment against different breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231). Interestingly the nanoconjugates alone or in combinations did not show cytotoxicity towards human embryonic normal kidney cell line (HEK 293), demonstrating the biocompatibility. Together the results demonstrated the potential anti-cancer properties of b-AuNPs in a combinatorial approach that could be the future of cancer nanomedicine.