RESUMEN
Poultry meat, an essential source of animal protein, requires stringent safety and quality measures to address public health concerns and growing international attention. This review examines both direct and indirect factors that compromise poultry meat quality in intensive farming systems. It highlights the integration of rapid and micro-testing with traditional methods to assess meat safety. The paper advocates for adopting probiotics, prebiotics, and plant extracts to improve poultry meat quality.
Asunto(s)
Hernia Inguinal , Intestino Delgado , Humanos , Masculino , Hernia Inguinal/diagnóstico , Hernia Inguinal/complicaciones , Hernia Inguinal/cirugía , Hernia Inguinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Intestino Delgado/patología , Intestino Delgado/diagnóstico por imagen , Persona de Mediana Edad , Rotura/etiología , Traumatismos Abdominales/complicaciones , Patologia Forense/métodos , Ultrasonografía , Perineo/lesiones , Escroto/diagnóstico por imagen , Escroto/lesiones , Escroto/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XAsunto(s)
Sepsis , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/etiología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/administración & dosificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/efectos adversos , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Bacteriemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/etiología , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/diagnóstico , Resultado Fatal , Polipéptido alfa Relacionado con Calcitonina/sangreRESUMEN
Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK506), are commonly used immunosuppressants for preserving transplanted organs and tissues. However, these drugs can cause severe and persistent pain. GluA2-lacking, calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) are implicated in various neurological disorders, including neuropathic pain. It is unclear whether and how constitutive calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin protein phosphatase, controls synaptic CP-AMPARs. In this study, we found that blocking CP-AMPARs with IEM-1460 markedly reduced the amplitude of AMPAR-EPSCs in excitatory neurons expressing vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGluT2), but not in inhibitory neurons expressing vesicular GABA transporter, in the spinal cord of FK506-treated male and female mice. FK506 treatment also caused an inward rectification in the current-voltage relationship of AMPAR-EPSCs specifically in VGluT2 neurons. Intrathecal injection of IEM-1460 rapidly alleviated pain hypersensitivity in FK506-treated mice. Furthermore, FK506 treatment substantially increased physical interaction of α2δ-1 with GluA1 and GluA2 in the spinal cord and reduced GluA1/GluA2 heteromers in endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fractions of spinal cords. Correspondingly, inhibiting α2δ-1 with pregabalin, Cacna2d1 genetic knock-out, or disrupting α2δ-1-AMPAR interactions with an α2δ-1 C terminus peptide reversed inward rectification of AMPAR-EPSCs in spinal VGluT2 neurons caused by FK506 treatment. In addition, CK2 inhibition reversed FK506 treatment-induced pain hypersensitivity, α2δ-1 interactions with GluA1 and GluA2, and inward rectification of AMPAR-EPSCs in spinal VGluT2 neurons. Thus, the increased prevalence of synaptic CP-AMPARs in spinal excitatory neurons plays a major role in calcineurin inhibitor-induced pain hypersensitivity. Calcineurin and CK2 antagonistically regulate postsynaptic CP-AMPARs through α2δ-1-mediated GluA1/GluA2 heteromeric assembly in the spinal dorsal horn.