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BACKGROUND: Dry eye syndrome is one of the complaints of diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tear functions in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using tests: Schirmer, tear break-up time (TBUT), and tear film osmolarity (TFO) tests and the Ocular Surface Disease Index score (OSDI). METHODS: Pregnant women with GDM (Group 1, n=46) and healthy pregnant women (Group 2, n=36) were enrolled. Initially, all participants were asked to answer the OSDI and then they underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including Schirmer, TBUT, and TFO tests. The individuals with ocular or systemic disorders that might affect the tear function tests and who were using topical medications were excluded. RESULTS: The results of Schirmer, TBUT, TFO tests and OSDI scores were 11.20±4.93 mm, 5.59±2.16 sec, 309.65±14.80 mOsm/L, and 9.59 ± 9.69 in Group 1, respectively, and 12.33±5.33 mm, 5.67±2.68 sec, 308.36±16.00 mOsm/L, and 10.62±8.66 in Group 2, respectively. There was no significant difference in any of the tear function tests and OSDI scores between the study groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: GDM seems to have no negative effects on tear function tests. This may be due to a lack of duration of hyperglycemia long enough to affect the tear function tests of pregnant women.

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Supernumerary teeth are additional teeth besides the normal series and can be found in any region of the dental arch. Supernumerary teeth can be classified according to their form and locations. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with supernumerary teeth may prevent or minimize complications. The treatment options depend on the type and position of the supernumerary tooth and its effect on the adjacent structures. Two male patients were referred to our clinic due to swelling in their maxillae and interrupted eruption of teeth. Upon radiological examination of the patients, impacted supernumerary teeth were found. Surgical removal of these teeth were perfomed and they were found to be molariform. We aim to present the two rare cases of molariform supernumerary teeth in this article.

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PURPOSE: To investigate whether blood glucose regulation in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has an influence on the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score and tear function tests such as tear film osmolarity (TFO), tear break-up time (TBUT) and Schirmer tests. METHODS: Fifty diabetic patients with a fasting blood glucose (FBG) level greater than 200mg/dL and HbA1c level greater than 10% were recruited for this prospective study. All of the patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including OSDI questionnaire, TFO test, TBUT test and Schirmer test initially. All tests were repeated after obtaining regulation of patients' blood sugar (approximately 6 weeks later). RESULTS: The mean age of the diabetic patients in the study was 54.96±12.48 years. Initially, the mean FBG, postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and HbA1c levels were 301.40±79.11mg/dL, 431.06±74.47mg/dL and 12.31±1.67%, respectively. After blood glucose regulation; the levels of all parameters (153.78±59.32mg/dL, 252.32±88.34mg/dL and 9.67±1.60%, respectively) statistically significantly decreased (P<0.001). The mean levels of OSDI score, TFO measurement, TBUT test and Schirmer test were 28.38±16.46 points, 349.66±13.09 mOsm/L, 6.44±1.91s and 8.66±3.57mm initially, and 17.82±11.70 points, 314.14±12.80 mOsm/L, 6.62±2.03s and 9.02±3.68mm after blood glucose regulation, respectively. Although the improvements in TBUT and Schirmer test values were not statistically significant (P>0.05), statistically significant reduction was obtained in OSDI scores and TFO levels (P<0.001, for each). CONCLUSION: DM, which is a hyperosmolar disorder, appears to cause elevation in OSDI score and increase in TFO level, especially if blood glucose is poorly regulated.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We analyzed and retrospectively compared patients with and without intellectual disability (ID) who underwent oral surgery under general anesthesia at Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of General Anesthesia, between October 2012 and June 2013 with regard to the following categories: Demographic features, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, Mallampati score, type of anesthetic drug used during the operation, type of intubation used, any difficulties with tracheal intubation, presence of systemic diseases, and recovery times after ending general anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 348 patients were selected from the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and the Department of Pedodontics who underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Medical histories of all patients were taken, and their electrocardiography, chest X-rays, complete blood count, and blood clotting tests were checked during a preoperative assessment. Mallampati evaluations were also performed. Patients were grouped into ASA I, II, or III according to the ASA classification and were treated under general anesthesia. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between normal and intellectually disabled patients in terms of gender, Mallampati scores, intubation difficulties, mean anesthetic period, time to discharge, or postoperative nausea and vomiting. Epilepsy and genetic diseases in intellectually disabled patients were significantly more common than in non-ID (NID) patients. However, the frequency of diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in NID patients was significantly higher than in the intellectually disabled patients. CONCLUSION: Dental treatment of intellectually disabled patients under general anesthesia can be performed just as safely as that with NID patients.

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Dentigerous cyts are form of benevolent odontogenic cyts which are related to crowns of permament teeth. Often, they are described as unilocular radiolucent lesions and barely seen in childhood era. This article aims to show a case about 11 year old boy having a dentigerous cyst associated with the mandibular canine and a premolar. Extraction of the primary molars and marsupialization of the lesion is also included in this method of treatment. After 9 months of the treatment, impacted teeth spontaneously erupted. Therefore, if we aim to manage of dentigerous cysts in children conservatively, marsupialization might be considered as first and foremost treatment method.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study was to establish the cord blood interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) levels and asphyxia enzymes in term newborns and their relationship between delivery modes. We investigated whether cord blood level of IL-1ß could be used as a reliable marker for detecting hypoxic stress and to determine the optimal cut-off level for IL-1ß. METHODS: The study was designed prospectively. Cord blood samples were obtained at the time of delivery from 75 noninfected full-term neonates for the purpose of measuring cord blood levels of IL-1ß. Women were classified into three groups according to the mode of delivery (20 vaginal delivery, 29 urgent caesarean section (with foetal distress) and 26 elective caesarean section). All cases were followed-up by hospitalization. Umbilical cord sampling was carried out for IL-1ß, umbilical artery gas parameters and other asphyxia enzymes at the time of delivery. Cord blood IL-1ß was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The perinatal outcomes of the cases were recorded after birth. Demographic characteristics, neonatal outcomes and laboratory findings were compared in all the three groups. RESULTS: IL-1ß levels showed statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.01). The relationship was found between IL-1ß cord blood levels and the mode of delivery. IL-1ß levels of urgent caesarean section group were significantly higher than elective caesarean section and normal delivery group (p:0.001 and p:0.001, respectively). Normal delivery levels were significantly higher than the elective caesarean group (p:0.001). CONCLUSION: Urgent section (foetal distress) and vaginal delivery (labour) were each associated with elevated IL-1ß cord blood levels in noninfected full-term neonates, while only elective caesarean section was associated with decreased IL-1ß levels. For the evaluation of newborns at high risk for perinatal hypoxic stress, cord blood IL-1ß levels may lead the way. On the other hand, the mode of delivery may be associated with the effects on the immune system. Further investigations with larger patient groups are required to confirm our results.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between central corneal thickness (CCT) and topographic parameters of optic nerve head (ONH) in healthy eyes. METHODS: Right eyes of 208 healthy subjects between 40 and 59 years of age with refractive error less than 1 D were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Ultrasonic pachymeter was used to measure CCT, and the ONH parameters were obtained by using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Relationship of various topographic parameters to age and sex were also investigated. For statistical analysis Student t test, analysis of variance, Pearson and Spearman test, and partial correlation coefficients were used. RESULTS: Mean CCT of subjects was 540.71+/-35.53 micronm (462-621 micronm), and the mean disc area was 2.37+/- 0.44 mm2 (1.28-3.66 mm2). CCT showed negative correlations to disc area, rim area, rim volume, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) area. These correlations were found to be stronger in females. Negative correlations were demonstrated between age and the mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, RNFL thickness, and RNFL cross sectional area. Women had lesser rim volumes, but bigger cup to disk (C/D) area and linear C/D ratios compared to those of men. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to its effect in the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurements, CCT has a structural relationship with the ONH in healthy nonglaucomatous eyes. Therefore, its effect on disc area might be especially important to explain the structural strength of the ONH in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.

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A Parkinsonian-like tremor can be induced by a combined application of chlorpromazine and pentobarbitone in cats. Interestingly enough, only cats with left-paw preference were found to have a predisposition to this drug-induced tremor. The cats with ambidexterity and right-preference in paw use did not show any visible tremorogenic action of these drugs. Especially the proximal muscles of all four extremities showed oscillations with a frequency of about 12 per second in all animals tested, which completely disappeared after i.v. application of lioresal, atropine and biperiden. It was suggested that this new drug-induced tremor model may reflect an impairment within the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical feedback loop. It was also concluded that left-handers may have an increased predisposition to centrally acting drugs than nonleft-handers.

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The lateralization of the grasp reflex was studied in male and female newborns. The mean grasp-reflex strength of the right hand was found to be higher than that of the left hand in males, but the difference was not significant. The mean grasp-reflex strength of the right hand was found to be significantly higher than that of the left hand in females. There was no significant difference between the mean grasp-reflex strengths of the right hand in the male and female subjects. The mean reflex strength of the left hand was found to be higher in males than females; the difference was only marginally significant. The right minus left (R - L) reflex strength showed a significant positive linear relation to the right-and left-reflex strengths in both sexes. This was, however, much more pronounced for the right-reflex than the left-reflex. There was a significantly positive linear correlation between the reflex strengths of the right and left hands and the body weight in males. The females did not show such a relationship between reflex strength and body weight. These sex-related differences in the grasp reflex in newborns were discussed in light of cerebral lateralization and its hormonal modulation.

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The relation of the degree of grasp-reflex asymmetry to the strength of right- and left-hand grasp-reflex strength and body weight was studied in human newborn. In the total sample (N = 103), the right minus left (R-L) reflex strength was found to be positively linearly related to the grasp-reflex strengths from the right and left hands in FS-subjects; the correlation was higher for the right hand than the left hand. In FS+ subjects (N = 17), there was not a significant correlation between R-L and right-reflex strength; left-reflex strength was found to be negatively linearly related to the R-L reflex strength. In FS- subjects, the right- and left-reflex strengths showed a positive linear correlation with body weight. In FS+ subjects, only the left-reflex showed a positive linear correlation with body weight. The R-L reflex tended to be positively correlated with body weight in FS- subjects and negatively correlated in FS+ subjects. In females (N = 58), the relation of R-L to right and left reflex was similar to that for the total sample. There was no significant correlation between grasp reflex and body weight in FS- females. In FS+ females (N = 8), there was a positive linear correlation between the right grasp-reflex and body weight; the left grasp-reflex did not show such a significant correlation. The R-L grasp-reflex strength was not correlated with body weight in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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The grasp reflex was studied in human newborn without familial sinistrality. Of 60 females, 26 (43.3%) were right-handed and 34 (56.7%) ambidextrous. Of 62 males, 20 (32.3%) were right-handed, 39 (62.9%) ambidextrous, and 3 (4.8%) left-handed. There was a nonsignificant preponderance of right-dominance in females and a significant preponderance of nonright-handedness in males. In right-handers, the mean right minus left (R-L) grasp-reflex showed a positive linear correlation with the grasp-reflex from the right and left hands, with a higher correlation for the right hand. In ambidexters, the R-L grasp reflex did not show any significant correlation with the grasp reflex from the right and left hands. The mean grasp-reflex from right and left were found to be significantly smaller in ambidextrous males and females then right-handed males and females, with a much higher significance for the right hand. It was concluded that females tended to have a more pronounced reflex lateralization than males. The results also indicated that the left brain may be more important than the right brain for the development of a spinocerebral motor lateralization in humans.

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Grasp-reflex asymmetry was studied in human newborns with regard to familial sinistrality (FS). In the total sample, the following results were obtained. The mean grasp-reflex strength from the right hand was found to be significantly greater than that from the left hand in FS- subjects. There was no significant difference between these parameters in FS+ subjects. The mean right minus left (R-L) reflex strength was significantly greater than zero in FS- subjects. The mean R-L reflex did not significantly differ from zero in FS+ subjects. The mean reflex strength from the right hand was found to be significantly greater in FS- subjects than FS+ subjects. There was no significant difference between the mean reflex strengths from the left hands of the FS- and FS+ subjects. The mean R-L reflex in subjects FS- was found to be significantly greater than that in FS+ subjects. Similar results were obtained from the male and female subjects. It was concluded that FS is an important factor determining the degree of the grasp-reflex asymmetry in newborns. The relatively left-biased grasp-reflex asymmetry under the influence of FS indicates a genetic origin of the motor asymmetry in newborns. This, in turn, suggests that cerebral lateralization inducing manual asymmetry in humans may have been preprogrammed genetically.

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We have recently reported that a combined application of chlorpromazine and pentobarbitone induced intermittently occurring tremor bursts in guinea pigs (Tan et al., in press). This was a chance discovery. It will be shown in the present work that chlorpromazine is not essential for this postural tremor; only pentobarbitone in low dosages produced intermittent tremor bursts in guinea pigs lying in a supine position. Chlorpromazine alone was not effective in producing tremor. The pentobarbitone-induced tremors were attenuated by the i.v. application of biperiden or lioresal. These results indicate that these tremors would be produced by the basal ganglia as in Parkinsonism.

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